Biology

Paper 1

animal cell

plant cell

Define nucleus

contains the genetic material (DNA) of the organism controls the cell’s activities

define cytoplasm

the liquid that makes

Define cell membrane

a flexible outer layer that surrounds the cell in which chemical reactions happen. This is mainly water

Define mitochondria

tiny parts of cells floating in the cytoplasm where energy is released rom glucose from food.

Define cell wall

a tough outer layer of the cell, which contains cellulose to provide strength and support to the plant

Define vacuole

A space inside the cytoplasm that contains a watery liquid call cell sap. It keeps the cell firm.

Define chloroplasts

structure found in the cells of green parts of plants only (leaves and stem) which contain a green pigment called chlorophyll in which photosynthesis occurs

Define ribosome

part of a cell where proteins are made

Define plasmid

Only found in bacterial cells. A small loop of DNA

Define genetic material

Long strands of genes not tightly pack in a nucleus

Define Eukaryotic

A complex cell with a nucleus

Define prokaryotic

A smaller cell without a nucleus

Define osmosis

The net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution. It’s a passive process

Define Diffusion

The net movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. it’s a passive process

the function of the mouth

mechanical breakdown/chew food

the function of the slivery glands

produce salvia with amylase enzymes to breakdown starch

the function of the oesophagus

(Gullet): push chewed food to stomach. food moved by muscle action

function of the liver

Makes bile Bile: a) provides neutralises stomach acid and b) emulsifies lipids (increases there surface area ) this helps lipids digestion by enzymes

the function of the gall bladder

stores bile

the function of the pancreas

production of digestive enzymes

the function of the small intestine

absorption of small soluble particles

the function of the appendix

useless organ which harbours bacteria (good and bad )

the function of the stomach

Partial digestion of food/ mechanically churns food with HCL and protease enzymes

The function of the large intestine

re-absorption of water

The function of the rectum

Muscular section of the large intestines

The function of the anus

where faeces leaves the body

Why do the intestines have villi?

As it increases the surface area of the intestines

What 3 adaptations do the villi have which help speed up the diffusion of nutrients into the blood?

- Micro villi

- Good blood supply

- Thin walls

Define tissue

A group of cells with a similar structure and function

Define organ

A group of tissues preforming specific functions

Define an organ system

A group of organs which work together to form organisms

The apparatus list for the Food tests RP

• Food:potato, carrot, crisps, biscuits, cheese

• Spotting tile

• Pipette

• 10cm3 measuring cylinder or plastic syringe

• Beaker

• Boiling tubes

• tests tubes

• kettle or water bath

• Iodine solution

• Benedict’s reagent

• Biuret reagent

• Ethanol

• Eye protection

What are some safety notes for the Food tests RP ?

• Where eye protection

• If chemicals on skin rinse under cold water

• In case of burns rinse under cold water for 20 minutes

In the food test RP what do we use to test for starch?

We would use Iodine

In the food test RP what would we use to test for glucose ?

We would use Benedict’s solution

In the food tests RP what would we use to test for protein ?

We would use Biuret solution

In the food tests RP what would we use to test for Lipid ?

We would use Ethanol

What are the steps to test for starch ?

1. Put a small piece of the food to test on a spotting tile .

2. Add two drops of the solution you would use onto the food

3. If the solution goes blue-black it contains it

What are the steps to test for glucose ?

1. Mix a small sample of the food with the solution about 3cm³ in a boiling tube

2. Leave it for 2 minutes

3. If the solution goes a brick red it contains it

What are the steps to test for protein ?

1. Mix a small sample of the food with the solution about 3cm³ of the solution

2. leave it for two minutes

3. If the mixture goes play purple it contains it

What are the steps to test for Lipid ?

1. Mix a small sample of the food with about 1cm³ of the solution in a dry test tube

2. Pour the ethanol into a test tube of cold water

3. If the water goes milky white the food contains it

Define Coronry heart disease

When fatty material builds up and stops the flow of blood to the heart muscle

Define coronary arteries

The arteries that supply the heart muscle

What is a stent

A mesh tube used to keep the coronary arteries open

What are statins

Drugs used to reduce blood cholesterol preventing CHD

What is a faulty valve

When the blood flows in the opposite direction through the heart. Will need replacing with a biological or mechanical valve

what is a artificial heart

Short term mechanical heart used while waiting for a transplant

define pulmonary artery

Carries deoxygenated blood to the body

The function of the Aorta

Carries oxygenated blood to the body

the function of the pulmonary vein

Brings oxygenated blood from the lungs

The function of the left atrium

Pushes blood to the left ventricle

The function of the heart valves

prevents back flow of blood

In the lungs, which gas diffuses from the avieoli into the blood

Oxygen

The function of the left ventricle

pumps blood to body

The function of the right ventricle

Pumps blood to lungs

The function of the vena cava

brings deoxygenated blood from the body

What is Transpiration

The loss of water vapour through the leaves of the plant

What is translocation

The movement of sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant through the phloem

What does toxicity mean

if it is toxic

What does efficacy mean

How well it works

what does dosage mean

How much of the drug you need to take so it works

define placebo

a pill whiteout the drug in it taken to check drug effectiveness

define double blind trials

When the doctor does not know if they are giving the medicine or a placebo. Prevents bias

Define blind trails

When the doctor knows who has the placebo and who has the medicine but the patients do not. Easier to set up but could lead to bias

define vaccine

Small amount of dead or inactive pathogen to simulate white blood cells to produce antibodies

Define active transport

Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient

What type of process is active transport? and what does that process need.

Its an active process so it requires energy for the cell

Fill in the gaps:___ concentration to a ____ concentration

low, high

What is the function of carbohydrates ?

Gives us energy. Too much can mean that the energy is stored as fat.

Give two examples of carbohydrates 

pasta, bread

what is the function of Protein?

Needed for growth. They help us make new cells and repair damaged ones.

Give two examples of protein

chicken, fish 

What is the function of fat ?

These store energy. They also insulate our bodies and protect our organs. Too much can cause us serious health problems 

Give two examples of fat

oils, cakes

What is the function of vitamins and minerals ?

Needed in small amounts to allow our bodies to function (work) properly and for chemical processes to take place

Give two examples of vitamins and minerals

fruit, veg

Enzyme active site 

A specific region on the enzyme where the substrate binds

Enzyme substrate specificity

Enzymes are highly specific and only bind to specific substrates

optimal temperature for enzymes

Between 20^oc to 40^oc

Enzyme

A biological molecule that catalyzes chemical reactions, is highly specific to it’s substrate,and maintains optimal reaction rates and efficiency.

What type of energy is derived from carbohydrates?

Glucose

What do the white blood cells do?

- Small fragments of cells

- Help blood clots

- Network of fibres that trap more platelets

- Forms scabs

Name 5 things found in plasma

RBC, WBC, platelets, glucose and CO2

What is the job of the haemoglobin?

Bind with oxygen to make oxyhaemoglobin

State 2 adaptations of the red blood cells

1. No nucleus so there is more space for haemoglobin

2. Bioconcave to increase surface area