Advanced History Pre-reading

How did some Italian thinkers view the Middle Ages?

Declared that they were living in a new age and that the barbarous, unenlightened "Middle Ages" were over the new age would be a "rinascita"(rebirth) of learning and literature, art and culture. Middle Ages had no great achievements and advancements. It was a time of poverty and the feudal system was declining.

What makes the Renaissance different from the Middle Ages?

The Renaissance was the Rebirth of learning and literature,art, and culture it was more advanced scientifically, artistically, and in cultural achievements.

Explain how Italy, and especially the city-state Florence, became the birthplace of the Renaissance

Florence was an Independent republic (3rd largest city after London and Constantinople) It was a banking and commerical capital Wealthy Florentines flaunted their money and pwer by becoming patrons, or supporters, of artists and intellectuals so the city became the cultural center of Europe, and of the Renaissance

What did the Renaissance-era writers study and rediscover? How could you use this to understand why they saw the Renaissance as a "rebirth"?

Study Ancient ruins and rediscovering Greek and Roman Texts they saw this as a rebirth because they were starting fresh. They used to devote themselves to their jobs or the asceticism of the monastery, but now they can enjoy their jobs and worldly pleasures.

Explain how Humanism "formed the governing intellectual principle" of the Renaissance.

Their secularism, appreciatrion of physical beauty and especially their emphasis on man's own achievements

Da Vinci

Created detailed scientific "studies" of objects ranging from flying machines to submarines. He also created pioneering studies of human anatomy.

Galileo Galilei

Investigated natural laws. He proved objects fall at the same rate of acceleration, by dropping different sized cannonballs. He built the telescope and showed how the planets revolved around the sun.

Johan Gutenberg

Invented the mechanical, moveable - type printing press Which made books and extended knowledge widely

How did the Renaissance encouraged these scientific advancements

\-Encouraged people to be curious and to question recieved wisdom (particularly that of the medieval Church)

\-To use experimentation and observation to solve earthly problems

Results- intellectuals try to define/understand laws of nature and the physical world

Why were reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin,and Henry V111 so important to the Reformation ?

* Challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church ablity to define Christian practice
* Argued for a religious and political redistribution of power into hands of Bible and pamphlet-reading pastors and princes

(Why were reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin,and Henry V111 so important to the Reformation...) What did this lead to?

\-Triggered wars

\-Persecutions

\-The so-called Counter- Reformation

What event started the Protestant Reformation?

The 1517 publication of Martin Luther's "95 Theses"

How did the end of the Reformation positively affect Germany

\-1555 Peace of Augsburg, which allowed for the coexistence of Catholicism and Lutheranism in Germany

\-1648 Treaty of West phalia, which ended Thirty Year war

What were the key ideas of the Reformation and how did reformers get their ideas to a larger audience

\-A call to purify the church

\-A belief that the Bible , not tradition, should be the sole source of spirtual authority- were not themselves novel

\-Luther and the other reformers became the first to skillfully use the power of the prinring press to give their ideas a wide audience

What was the consequence for Martin Luther when he posted his 95 Theses?

\-Summoned before the Diet of Worms and excommunicated

\-Sheltered by Friedrich, elector of Saxony, he then translated the Bible into German and continued his output of vernacular pamphlets.

What could be a piece of evidence that shows that Martin Luther's efforts were successful?

Lutheranism had become the state religion throughout much of Germany, Scandinavia, and The Beltics. (Because German peasants revolted in 1524 due to the inspiration of Luther's empowering "priesthood of all believers", Luther sided with Germany's princes.)

What did John Calvin's doctrine emphasize and what were the results of this in Switzerland and other European countries?

\-Was a writing "institutes of the christian religion" stressed God's power and humanity's predestined fate

\-result was theocratic regime of enforced, austere morality

\-Became a hotbed for Protestant exiles and his doctrine quickly spread to Scotland, France, Transylvania,and the low countries where dutch calvinsim became religious and economic force for the next 400 yrs

Why did Henry VIII break from the Catholic Church declaring he should be the authority in the English church?

Pope Clement VII refused to annul Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he could remarry.

(Why did Henry VIII break from the Catholic Church declaring he should be the authority in the English church...) What did this cause Henry to do?

\-Disssovled England's monasteries to confiscate their wealth

\-Worked to place the Bible in the hands of people (beginning in 1836, every parish was required to have a copy)

Why was Elizabeth I important in the growth of English church?

In 1559 she took the throne and Cast the Church of England as a " middle way" between Calvinism and Catholicism, with vernacular worship and a revised Book of Common Prayer

What was the Counter Reformation?

Movement to reform the Catholic Church

it was the catholic church's slow, forceful, and systematic response to the theological and publicity innovations of Luther and other reformers.

What ways did the Counter-Reformation change the Catholic Church?

\-Grew more spirtual,literate, educated\\

\-New religious orders,notably the Jesuits, combined rigorous spirtuality with a globally minded intellectualism, while Mystics such as Teresa of Avila injected new passions into older orders

inquisitions, in both Spain and Rome, were recognized to fight the threat of Protestant heresy

How did the Reformation and Counter-Reformation create change, for the worst?

Northern Europe's religious and political freedoms come at a great cost, with decades of rebellions, wars, and bloody persecutions, (The thirty years war costed Germany 40% of their population)

How did the Reformation and Counter-Reformation create change, for the better?

-The reformation's positive repercussions can be seen in the intellectual and cultural flourishing, it inspired on all sides of the schism