Sports Med EOP exam, Sports Medicine CTE Exam, CTE EOP Sports Med ;)

define heat cramps, include signs/symptoms and temp

A involuntary contraction of the calf muscle resulting in pain. May be caused by an electrolyte imbalance and dehydration

- symptoms: pain

- signs: rigid contractions, loss of voluntary control

what anatomical structures need to be included in a splint when splinting a FRACTURE of a long bone

joint above and below the injured bone

what measurements are critical in the fitting of crutches

height, crutch pad distance from armpit 1.5-2'' (about 2-3 fingers, crease of the wrist has to be even with the hand rest, crutches have to be about 6 inches off of the angle of the toe

Describe each component of the RICES principle in the management of acute injuries

Rest--Keep the injured area/part at rest

Ice -- decreases oxygen needs for damaged tissue

Compression -- controls swelling and bleeding

Elevate -- allows swelling and bleeding to be reabsorbed and returned to circulation

Splint --above and below the injury

Describe the use of a pulse oximeter, what is normal range for oxygen saturation

test used to measure the oxygen level (oxygen saturation) of the blood

Oxygen saturation levels. 97-100%

Describe the importance of vital signs

They determine which treatment protocols to follow, provide critical information needed to make life-saving decisions, and confirm feedback on treatments performed (make sure they are accurate & documented)

describe the placement and use of an AED

1st pad will go on the right upper chest just below the collarbone. Press the pad firmly onto the skin.

2nd pad will go to the left of the left nipple so that the top edge of the pad reaches a few inches below the armpit

Describe the ratio of chest compressions to breaths

30:2

Describe the 2 processes that can be used to open an airway

head-tilt, chin-lift

Describe the CAB processes used when giving CPR

chest compressions first, then airway and breathing

Describe how to practice responsibility within the ethical framework of the NATA Code of Ethics

- Non- Discrimination

- duty to the patient is the first concern

- preserve the confidentiality of privileged information

- comply with local, state, federal laws, state athletic training practice acts

- understand and uphold all NATA Standards and Code of Ethics

- refrain from, and report illegal or unethical practices

- cooperate in ethics investigations by the NATA

- refrain from substance and alcohol abuse

- not misrepresent their skills, training, professional credentials, identity, or services

- recognize the need for continuing education

What are the four major tissue types of the body and the purpose/function of each tissue

Muscle

Epithelial

Connective

Nervous

Explain the mechanism of muscle contraction

1. Signal comes from brain -- neuron depolarization

2. Acetylcholine is released from the nerve at the neuromuscular junction.

3. acetylcholine stimulates the muscle -- causes depolarization along the muscle

4. sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium to the area of the actin and myosin protein fibers.

5. Calcium "unblocks" the actin/myosin binding sites -- removes troponin -- requires ATP.

6. Myosin "reaches out" and binds to the actin -- requires ATP

7. Myosin then releases the acting -- Requires ATP

Calcium returns to the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Identify the bones of the axial and appendicular skeleton and their gross landmarks

The axial skeleton is formed by the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum.

The appendicular skeleton is composed of the arms and legs including scapulae, clavicles and pelvis bones.

Distinguish among three types of cartilage. name the cartilage and function/location

Hyaline - most common, found in the ribs, nose, larynx, trachea. Is a precursor of bone.

Fibro- is found in intervertebral discs, joint capsules, ligaments.

Elastic - is found in the external ear, epiglottis and larynx.

Differentiate among the various types of joints

A joint is the point where two or more bones meet. There are three main types of joints; Fibrous(immovable), Cartilaginous (partially moveable) and the Synovial (freely moveable) joint.

describe a fibrous joint, where is it found?

This type of joint is held together by only a ligament. Examples are where the teeth are held to their bony sockets and at both the radioulnar and tibiofibular joints.

describe a cartilaginous joint, where is it found?

Cartilaginous: These joints occur where the connection between the articulating bones is made up of cartilage for example between vertebrae in the spine.

describe a synovial joint, where is it found?

Synovial joints are by far the most common classification of joint within the human body. They are highly moveable and all have a synovial capsule (collagenous structure) surrounding the entire joint, a synovial membrane (the inner layer of the capsule) which secretes synovial fluid (a lubricating liquid) and cartilage known as hyaline cartilage which pads the ends of the articulating bones. An example is ball and socket (hip and shoulder)

what are the three characteristics of muscles

Extensibility

Elasticity

Contractibility

describe extensibility as it applies to muscles

Extensibility - The ability to stretch or be extended. Muscles are extended when pulled. Muscles cannot push or expand.

describe elasticity as it applies to muscles

Elasticity - The ability of muscle to return to its original shape after contraction or extension

describe contractility as it applies to muscles

Contractibility -- able to contract when stimulated by a nervous impulse. Muscles are the only tissue that has the ability to actively contract.

give a job description of an AT

Athletic trainer -- provides first aid, recognizes and evaluates injuries, coordinator of the sports medicine team of individuals, works for colleges, universities, profession and amature sports teasm, provides rehabilitation, works under the direction of a physician.

identify members of a sports med team

Athletic trainer

Team physician

Physical therapist

Dietician

Strength and conditioning specialist

describe the duties of a team physician

Team physician -- Medical doctor knowledgeable in orthopedic and sports injuries. Provides pre-participation physical exams and determines when an injured athlete may return to play. Makes final decisions on athlete's health care. Diagnoses injuries.

describe two other members of a sports med team and their duties to the team

Physical therapist -- may help with rehabilitation of an injured athlete.

Dietician -- works to improve an athlete's dietary practices, may advise with weight loss of gain.

compare and contrast the duties of the team physician and AT

Athletic trainer provides first aid and care and determines when the injured athlete needs to be seen by a physician. The athletic trainer works under the direction of a physician. The athletic trainer may provide rehabilitation.

The physician makes all return to play decisions with injured athletes. The physician makes all diagnoses and provides advanced care that the athletic trainer cannot provide.

what duties are specific to the AT

provides first aid, recognizes and evaluates injuries, coordinator of the sports medicine team of individuals, works for colleges, universities, profession and amature sports teams, provides rehabilitation, works under the direction of a physician.

what duties are specific to the team physician

Medical doctor knowledgeable in orthopedic and sports injuries. Provides pre-participation physical exams and determines when an injured athlete may return to play. Makes final decisions on athlete's health care. Diagnoses injuries.

describe the benefits belonging to a professional association such as the NATA

What are the educational requirements for becoming a certified AT before and after 2019?

before 2019: bachelor degree

after 2019: masters degree

Compare and contrast the duties of a personal trainer and AT

Athletic trainers work with injured as well as non-injured athletes. Athletic trainers have the responsibility of health care for athletes.

Personal trainers work with the general public and are specialists in exercise, strength training and conditioning. Personal trainers do not work with injured individuals.

What are the certification requirements for becoming a Certified AT

the individual must graduate from an accredited program in their medical speciality. Accredited means that the professional organization representing the medical speciality describes the curriculum and procedures (as determined by the professional association) necessary to graduate from the program. The individual must take and pass a certification examination developed by the professional organization representing the medical speciality Students must graduate from an accredited program to be eligible to sit for the certification exam.

Graduation from an accredited program and successful completion of the certification exam are some of the components necessary for licensure.

What are the requirements to become a Licensed AT in NV?

Graduate from a program accredited by the National Athletic Trainers Association

Pass the National Athletic Trainers Association Certification Exam

Be of good moral character -- no arrests or felony convictions

Compare and contrast ethical and legal issues in Sports med

Ethical issues represent how an individual should act within a profession. Individuals in violation of professional ethics may lose their Certification and or Licensure.

Legal issues are specificated in laws. Individuals in violation of laws may be punished per the provisions in the law (fines or jail time).

Ethical and legal issues may overlap -- unethical activities may also be illegal.

Describe the purpose of HIPAA and give an example

Restricts health care providers, including athletic trainers from communicating with other individuals about the care of athletes unless the patient or guardian provide consent. Use of information that does not identify the patient is allowed in specific cases.

Describe the purpose of FERPA and give an example

FERPA protects all school children who attend a school that receive Federal funding. Allows discussion and providing medical information to other school district employees with a need to know.

Compare and contrast HIPAA and FERPA

Both protect personally identifiable information, names, birth dates, addresses and any other information that could lead to identification of an individual.

HIPPA protects all patients, regardless of location or provider of care.FERPA protects all school children who attend a school that receive Federal funding.

Describe the 4 common methods of payment for healthcare

Cash if other methods are unavailable

Insurance -- individual or employer pays monthly premium to allow for the provision of health care when needed. Individual may have to pay deductibles and co-payment

Affordable Care Act -- a type of insurance with a sliding scale on premiums and copayments based on an individual's income.

Medicare -- Federal insurance program which collects premium payments from paychecks and provides health care to individuals after the age of 65.

Describe the purpose of the Patient's Bill of Rights and give an example

A patient's bill of rights is a list of guarantees for those receiving medical care.

ex: The patient has the right and is encouraged to obtain from physicians and other direct caregivers relevant, current, and understandable information about his or her diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.

Describe the purpose of an advanced directive (living will)

is a document by which a person makes provision for health care decisions in the event that, in the future, he/she becomes unable to make those decisions

Define the purpose of universal precautions

avoiding contact with patient's' bodily fluids, by means of the wearing of nonporous articles such as medical gloves, goggles, gowns, and face shields.

List three skills used in universal precautions and how each skill prevents the spread of infection

Used barrier protection. cover up any open wounds or sores.

Wear gloves when handling body fluids are contaminated materials and other waste.

When body fluids may Splash, spray or spatter wear gloves, face mask, goggles and gown.

What is primary survey? describe how to perform it and possible assessment results

life threatening injuries

Respiratory arrest -- not breathing -- check for chest rise or breath sounds

Unconsciousness -- no response to "tap and shout"

No pulse or movement indicating pulse

Severe bleeding -- external or internal

describe the procedure of taking BP, what is normal range

Use a blood pressure cuff and stethoscope to measure blood pressure.

Blood pressure for adults 120/80 .

describe the process of taking temperature, what is normal range

Use a thermometer

98.6

describe the process of taking pulse, what is normal range

Measure pulse using radial artery (at the wrist, thumb side)

60-90 beats per minute

describe how to measure respiration rate, what is normal range

Without informing the patient, watch for chest rise, or listen to respiratory sounds. One full inspiration to inspiration cycle is one respiration.

12-20 breaths per minute.

why is pain considered the 6th vital sign, how is it measured

It is measurable, with a pain scale 1-10

What principle do you use to manage acute injuries

R.I.C.E.S

describe the proper use of crutches when doing a 3 point gait

The injured leg is bent to keep it from coming in contact with the floor. The crutches are placed approximately 6 inches in front of the patient and wider than the stance -- these are two points. The uninjured leg, the third point forms a triangle with the two crutch tips. The uninjured leg is then swung in front of the crutches and placed on the floor creating another triangle, three points in the three point gait.

describe the purpose and procedure of a splint

used to stabilize fractures or dislocations. Find a suitable rigid material to use as a splint, rolled up newspaper or magazine may work.

Apply first aid principles to control bleeding

Check circulation and sensation distal to the injured area.

Apply splint without moving the injured area, DO NOT adjust deformities.

Splints to bones must include the joint above and below the injured bone (deformity).

Splints to joints must include the bones above and below the joint (dislocation).

Secure the splint with broad (2-3" wide) cloth material. Secure at least 2 areas above and below the fracture or dislocation.

Check circulation and sensation distal to the splint.

Call 911 or transport to the nearest medical facility -- continue to check for decreases in circulation or sensation -- loosen ties if circulation or sensation are diminished.

what types of injuries need to be splinted

fractures or dislocations

what anatomical structures need to be included in a splint when splinting a DISLOCATION

Splints to joints must include the bones above and below the joint

describe how to perform a neurological assessment following splint application (to make sure the splint isn't too tight)

make sure they can do some movements and can still feel it when you touch the area

Describe how to perform a vascular assessment following splint application (to make sure the splint isn't too tight)

check color, temp, pulse, and capillary refill

describe the application of a cervical collar

Lie the patient supine (face up) and have someone stand or kneel at the head of the patient. Have her firmly cup her hands over the patient's ears. This will serve to stabilize the patient's neck.

Slide the back of the cervical collar under the patient's neck and make sure it is centered and top of collar is towards patient's head, bottom of collar is toward patient's chest.

Wrap the front of the cervical collar around the chin and make sure it is snug using the velcro strap.

define heat stroke, include signs/symptoms and temp

A medical emergency. Sweating has stopped, skin may be dry and warm.

Symptoms include nausea, weakness, fatigue. Signs include dry hot skin, elevated temperature, dizziness, disorientation, increase pulse rate, decreased blood pressure indicating severe dehydration

what core temp may indicate that an individual is experiencing heat stroke

above 104 degrees Fahrenheit

Define frostbite, include signs and symptoms

freezing of skin and subcutaneous tissues

Skin turns a pale yellow or white

It may itch, sting, burn, or feel like "pins and needles" eventually becoming numb.

Skin may feel hard and cold

define hypothermia, include signs and symptoms

Shivering, although as hypothermia worsens, shivering stops.

Cold skin, particularly area exposed to cold environments.

Clumsiness or lack of coordination. Stumbling

Slurred speech or mumbling.

Confusion and poor decision-making, such as trying to remove warm clothes.

Drowsiness or very low energy.

Discuss the progression and core temperatures of hypothermia

as hypothermia worsens, shivering stops.

97 and 95 degrees Fahrenheit

describe how dehydration affects urine color and amount

Urine should be clear to light yellow in color -- if it looks like apple juice, the individual is dehydrated.

Urination should occur 4-6 times during waking hours, if not, dehydration could be possible

describe how body weight may change due to dehydration, how/when should body weight be measured?

Athletes should not lose body weight between practices, weigh before each practice or game

what percent of body weight loss due to dehydration would affect athletic performance and cognition?

Losses of 3% or more

how can dehydration be prevented, lost 3 techniques

Consume adequate amounts of fluid with each meal and throughout the day -- urination should occur 4-6 times during waking hours.

Consume an adequate diet

Consume both water and electrolyte drinks -- such as Gatorade. Do not consume energy drinks as they may contain caffeine which is a diuretic -- encourages urination and fluid loss.

Avoid alcohol -- encourages urination and fluid loss

what procedures should be in place to prevent dehydration in practices and games?

what other observations may indicate that lightning or thunder would cause the stopping of outdoor activities (slogans)

when may athletes return to practice/ games following a lightning or thunder storm

identify and discuss 2 different methods to determine severe weather situations

identify and discuss 3 strategies to prevent sun overexposure

Wear appropriate clothing to cover head, neck trunk, arms and legs. Avoid excessive sun exposure, limit time in the sun.

Include a broad-brimmed hat and UV-blocking sunglasses.

Practice in the early morning or evening hours when the sun intensity is decreased.

List 4 common signs and symptoms found in an individual with a concussion

symptoms -- Headaches or neck pain that do not go away, Slowness in thinking, speaking, acting, or reading, Getting lost or easily confused Urge to vomit (nausea) Signs -- Diminished alertness, Disorientation, Loss of consciousness, Difficulty remembering, concentrating, or making decisions

describe how orientation is assessed in the SAC concussion assessment

ask questions such as what month is it? What is the date today? What is the day of the week?

describe the SAC Concentration assessment

digits backwards or months backwards

Describe the Balance Error Scoring System used to assess concussions and balance

stand on a foam pad and balance on one leg, both legs and tandem stances.

List 6 possible and common concussion symptoms

headache or neck pain

Changes in sleep patterns (sleeping a lot more or having a hard time sleeping)

Light-headedness, dizziness,

Urge to vomit (nausea)

Increased sensitivity to lights, sounds, or distractions

Blurred vision or eyes that tire easily

what history would indicate and sprain, what would the athlete tell you?

History of trauma, forcing a joint beyond its normal range of motion.

Pain with use

where would the athlete indicate pain with a sprain

Pain at the joint

where would tenderness be found with a sprain

at the joint

what does a ligament do

it is tissue that holds joints together

what history would indicate a strain, what would the athlete tell you?

History of stretching of a muscle

Pain with use

what cardiovascular conditioning level would be used for return to play

what ROM would be used to determine return to play

what pain level would be used to return to play

what functional tests would be used for return to play

Daily activities

Athletic activities

Define blood borne pathogens

Infectious microorganism in the blood that causes infection and disease

describe the use of universal precautions. List and describe

where would the athlete indicate pain with a strain

Pain between joints

where would tenderness be found with a strain

Tenderness between joint or in a muscle

where would tenderness be found during palpation of a fracture, what tissue would be tender

Tenderness over bone ???

what level of pain would be present with a fracture

8-9-10/10

what might you observe with a fracture that you would not observe with other injuries

Possible crepitus -- grating or grinding sound or sensation???

describe the four steps/phrases in fracture healing

Phase 1 -- formation of blood clot Phase 2 -- formation of soft callus Phase 3 -- formation of bony callus Phase 4 -- bone returns to normal size and shape

describe bruises, include mechanism (cause) of injury

describe abrasions, include mechanism (cause) of injury

describe infections, include mechanism (cause) of injury

describe blisters, include mechanism (cause) of injury

describe the acute phase of inflammation (phase 1) -- signs, symptoms, onset, duration

initial phase -- 48-72 hours

Characterized by inflammation

Red

Warm

Swollen

Tender to touch

Decreased function

Control of bleeding -- clot formation

Swelling --bleeding and edema occur

Pain mediators produced -- prostaglandin, causing stimulus at pain sensitive nerve endings.

Rehabilitation directed at controlling swelling and pain -- RICES and range of motion -- NO Stretching -- Active Pain Free Motion only

Use of Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) to moderate pain, inflammation and swelling

describe the repair and regeneration phase of inflammation (phase 2) -- signs, symptoms, onset, duration

Second phase -- 72 hours to 6 months

Phagocytes remove bleeding and tissue debris.

Scar tissue forms -- collagen

Minimize gaps between damaged tissues -- approximation

During this phase, initial scar tissue is deposited in an unorganized fashion.

Rehabilitation in this phase places select stresses on scar tissue, causing tissue to realign in response to stress (Wolf's Law), adapting to stress in process of returning to normal.

Use of progressive resistance exercises and FITT principle.

Rehabilitation directed at increasing range of motion, decreasing pain, strengthening activities and functional activities.

Controlled immobilization.

Care taken not to increase pain/inflammation or disrupt healing activities.

Calcium and phosphate is deposited into soft callus (collagen scar in the fracture site) during fracture healing forming a hard callus.