earth’s crust and the rigid, outermost part of the mantle
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lithosphere position
floats and rides on top of the aesthenosphere
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plate tectonics
movement of lithospheric plates on top of the aesthenosphere
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divergent plate boundaries
the plates move apart - this occurs at mid-ocean ridges (new crust)
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convergent plate boundaries
the plates move together (destroying crust)
* at most ___ boundaries, the oceanic plate is subducted, sliding underneath the continental crust
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transform faults
the plates move in opposite parallel directions
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Earthquake
The faulting or later abrupt movement of stress in the earth’s crust that causes solid rock to deform until it suddenly factures and shifts along the fracture
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Richter Scale
a measure of earthquake magnitude
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active volcano
occurs where magma reaches the earth’s surface through a central vent or crack
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Earthquakes
are vibrations in the earth’s crust caused by sudden shifts along a fault
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Seismic Waves
vibrations that travel through the earth that are caused by Earthquakes
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P waves (primary waves)
waves that travel through liquids, solids and gases
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S waves (secondary waves)
waves that travel only through solids and are slower than P waves
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L waves (surface waves)
waves that are the slowest and occur when P and S waves meet the surface
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Volcanism
is any activity that includes the movement of magma towards or onto the earth’s surface
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Major volcanic zones
include subduction zones, mid-ocean ridges, hot spots and the ring of fire
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Volcanoes erupt because
magma under pressure at high temperatures causes the magma above to be pushed towards the surface and out the vent (opening of the volcano)
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Lava
magma on the surface of the Earth that begins to harden
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crater
the Funnel shaped pit at the top of the volcanic vent
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calders
occurs when the magma chamber below collapses, creating a basin shaped depression
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mineral
an element or inorganic compound that occurs naturally and is solid
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Rock
any material that makes up a large, natural, continuous part of the earth’s crust
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Igneous rock
can form below or on the earth’s surface when molten rock material (magma) cools
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Sedimentary rock
forms from sediment that is weathered, transported, and deposited before pressure creates it
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Metamorphosis rock
is produced when a preexisting rock is subjected to high temperatures, high pressures, chemically active fluids, or a combination of these
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\ mineral resource
a concentration of naturally occurring solid, liquid, or gaseous material in or on the earth’s crust that can be extracted and processed into useful materials at an affordable cost.
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Deep deposits
are removed by subsurface mining where tunnels and chambers are excavated to reach deposits
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Shallow deposits
are removed by surface mining
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open-pit mining
machines dig holes and remove ores
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in dredging
draglines scrape up underwater mineral deposits
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in strip mining
overlying soil and rock is removed to access deposit
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Contour strip mining
terraced strip mining
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In mountain top removal
the top of the whole mountain is removed
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economically depleted
when the costs of finding, extracting, transporting, and processing the remaining deposits exceed the returns
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5 choice post economical depletion
recycle or reuse existing supplies, waste less, use less, find a substitute, or do without
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The depletion time
is the time it takes to use up 80% of the reserves at a given rate
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The mining and processing of mineral resources can affect the environment in several ways:
Studied by 15 people
