Chapter 14 - Geology and Nonrenewable Resources

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Iron

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42 Terms

1

Iron

material that the core is mostly made of

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2

Mantle materials

rich in iron, silicon, oxygen, and magnesium

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3

Crust

outermost and thinnest zone of the earth

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4

the continental crust

underlies the continents

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5

the oceanic crust

underlies the ocean basins

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6

lithosphere

earth’s crust and the rigid, outermost part of the mantle

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7

lithosphere position

floats and rides on top of the aesthenosphere

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8

plate tectonics

movement of lithospheric plates on top of the aesthenosphere

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9

divergent plate boundaries

the plates move apart - this occurs at mid-ocean ridges (new crust)

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10

convergent plate boundaries

the plates move together (destroying crust)

  • at most ___ boundaries, the oceanic plate is subducted, sliding underneath the continental crust

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11

transform faults

the plates move in opposite parallel directions

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12

Earthquake

The faulting or later abrupt movement of stress in the earth’s crust that causes solid rock to deform until it suddenly factures and shifts along the fracture

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13

Richter Scale

a measure of earthquake magnitude

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14

active volcano

occurs where magma reaches the earth’s surface through a central vent or crack

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15

Earthquakes

are vibrations in the earth’s crust caused by sudden shifts along a fault

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16

Seismic Waves

vibrations that travel through the earth that are caused by Earthquakes

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17

P waves (primary waves)

waves that travel through liquids, solids and gases

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18

S waves (secondary waves)

waves that travel only through solids and are slower than P waves

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19

L waves (surface waves)

waves that are the slowest and occur when P and S waves meet the surface

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20

Volcanism

is any activity that includes the movement of magma towards or onto the earth’s surface

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21

Major volcanic zones

include subduction zones, mid-ocean ridges, hot spots and the ring of fire

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Volcanoes erupt because

magma under pressure at high temperatures causes the magma above to be pushed towards the surface and out the vent (opening of the volcano)

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23

Lava

magma on the surface of the Earth that begins to harden

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24

crater

the Funnel shaped pit at the top of the volcanic vent

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25

calders

occurs when the magma chamber below collapses, creating a basin shaped depression

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26

mineral

an element or inorganic compound that occurs naturally and is solid

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27

Rock

any material that makes up a large, natural, continuous part of the earth’s crust

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Igneous rock

can form below or on the earth’s surface when molten rock material (magma) cools

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Sedimentary rock

forms from sediment that is weathered, transported, and deposited before pressure creates it

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30

Metamorphosis rock

is produced when a preexisting rock is subjected to high temperatures, high pressures, chemically active fluids, or a combination of these

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31

mineral resource

a concentration of naturally occurring solid, liquid, or gaseous material in or on the earth’s crust that can be extracted and processed into useful materials at an affordable cost.

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Deep deposits

are removed by subsurface mining where tunnels and chambers are excavated to reach deposits

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Shallow deposits

are removed by surface mining

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open-pit mining

machines dig holes and remove ores

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35

in dredging

draglines scrape up underwater mineral deposits

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in strip mining

overlying soil and rock is removed to access deposit

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Contour strip mining

terraced strip mining

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In mountain top removal

the top of the whole mountain is removed

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economically depleted

when the costs of finding, extracting, transporting, and processing the remaining deposits exceed the returns

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40

5 choice post economical depletion

recycle or reuse existing supplies, waste less, use less, find a substitute, or do without

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41

The depletion time

is the time it takes to use up 80% of the reserves at a given rate

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42

The mining and processing of mineral resources can affect the environment in several ways:

  • scarring and disruption of the land surface

  • collapse or subsiding of the land

  • air pollution from dust and toxics

  • acid mine drainage

  • water pollution from sedimentation and toxics

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