Emory University HLTH 340 Final Review, Food, Health and Society Midterm

____ exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life

Food Security

____ is the right of people to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods, and their right to define their own food and agriculture systems.

Food Sovereignty

On Pantelleria, locals have devised a unique technique for growing grapevines in a water limited environment. They:

Dig conical terraces to plant the vines below the normal ground level

Between 1964 and 2014, in Kamma community of Italy, plant-based traditions related to hunting and fishing largely disappeared from local practice

True

Between 1964 and 2014, in Kamma community of Italy, traditions related to edible fungi have largely disappeared from local practice

False

___ are gathered from the wild across the island of Pantelleria, Italy. Their flower buds are fermented in a brine solution to create the final food product, which is sold on the global market as a food condiment

Capers

Which of the following is a problem presented by wild food collecting:

ALL OF THE ABOVE:

Seasonal

Danger of poisoning

Difficult to Gather

Atlanta is situated in the Georgia plant Hardiness zone of 7/8. Which of the following fruits would NOT be found growing in the Atlanta landscape?

Orange

Which of the following fruit trees requires the most care in the Georgia growing zones due to its tendency to be susceptible to different diseases?

Peach

Out of all of the fruit crops in Georgia, _____ is grown and exported the most.

Blueberry

In the US, chicken is marketed as "antibiotic free'" has never been exposed to antibiotics.

False

Chickens have been bred to have the following features of interest to industrial agriculture:

Enlarged Breasts

Rapid Growth to Adult Bird

In 2016 , in the USA, more than 30 million pounds of antibiotics were sold for use in animals

True

In the 1950s-60s, a popular method of preparing chicken for sale was to "acronize" the meat. This process involved:

Coating the raw meat in Antibiotics

Thomas Jukes, when working at Lederle Pharmaceuticals, discovered that feeding chicks the fermentation residue of ______ caused them to rapidly gain weight.

Aureomycin

Inclusion of antibiotics as growth promoters for chickens, pigs, and cattle:

Disrupts the gut microbiome of the animals

Helps animals gain weight faster

Contributes to rise of antibiotic resistance

Consumption of undercooked ground beef tainted with pathogenic E. coli can result in death in youth children

True

People can become resistant to antibiotics

False

Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic which kills multiple species of bacteria by inhibiting DNA replication. In other words, it is a ______ spectrum agent with ______ activity.

Broad

Bactericidal

Which of the following can be thought of as a "cultural keystone species" for the Northwest Coast of North America?

ALL OF THESE:

Saskatoons/Service Berries

Western red cedar

Raspberries

Rat root

Studies on contamination of the food chain in the Fort McCay project include:

ALL OF THESE:

Nutritional testing

Passive air monitoring

Food testing for VOCs and heavy metals

Cranberries are used in all of the following medicinal contexts except:

Prevention of intestinal helminth infection

Among the Cree, if someone adheres to traditional ways of life, this person is said to worship the _______

Bear

Berry picking among the Northern Woodlands Cree is primarily about economics and production rather than social life and cultural heritage

False

Scientific research practices such as catch and release fishing and radio-collaring wildlife are perceived as violating Cree obligations of respect and reciprocity

True

Many packaged foods in grocery stores are re-arrangements and repackaging of which highly-subsidized food?

Corn

The ubiquity of table shakers was the major cause of the rise of unhealthy salt intake

False

Food such as lunchables and TV dinners target children via which of the following:

ALL OF THESE:

packaging/food design

Salt, Sugar, and Fat content

Marketing

The major distinction between true cheese and processed cheese is the process of

Fermentation

Humans enjoy the texture of _____ but do not have the taste receptors for detecting it.

Fat

________ is the Abershe term for edible weedy vegetables

Liakra

"Functional" foods are those only eaten for specific therapeutic reasons

False

Albanians and Gorani share similar patterns of use for wild flora for daily subsistence and medical practices.

False

All of the following are positive aspects of noncultigens except:

They can be produced on a mass scale using intensive agriculture

The cultivated produce of the ground, while growing or when gathered

Crop

The Hausa of Northern Nigeria have a dichotomous distinction between "wild" and "domesticated" plants

False

Among the Hausa of Northern Nigeria, medicinal knowledge of a plant is used to determine its appropriateness as a food

False

_____ fatty acids are typically straight chain, whereas _____ fatty acids have kinks in the chain structure

Saturated, polyunsaturated

Humans evolved consuming a diet that contained omega-6 and omega-3 fatty essential fatty acids in roughly a 20:30:1 ratio

False

The Mediterranean diet associated with lower levels of inflammatory C-reactive protein

True

Which of the following fatty acids appears to have potent immunomodulatory activities

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid

One of the major components of the Mediterranean diet includes consumptions of large quantities of

Fruits and Vegetables

Lifespan and Healthspan are essentially the same thing

False

Inflammation is a pathological response indicating an imbalance in diet

False

All of the following are components of the Greek Mediterranean diet except:

Low consumption of grains and cereals, including bread

A ______ plant is genetically modified species completely dependent on humans for survival.

Domesticated

A species of plant that is known only as a cultivated form, not known to gave a direct wild or uncultivated counterpart

Cultigen

Food and the Life cycle

The way that meat is prepared is also associated with gender in many cultures. For example, men boil meat in the home among the Iteso of Kenya, whereas women most commonly roast meat outside the home

False

The practice of ritual feeding of the deceased has been well-documented in many cultures. For example, in _____, fried fish and cake is set out for 9 nights, allowing time for the soul of the deceased to leave

Jamaica

The practice of ritual feeding of the deceased has been well-documented in many cultures. For example, in _____, the dead are provided with plantain, chicken eggs and meat, cassava, and cassava beer.

The Eastern Andes (Jivaro people)

The celebration of carnaval, the celebration is largely based on a plant-based menu without meat

False

This plant is a staple ingredient of many soups, in Nigeria, locally known as Daddawa, it must first be boiled processed, boiled again, fermented, dried, and shaped before use

Locust Bean

Specialized foods are used for women's health across many cultures, especially at times of childbirth and menstruation

True

Which food is used as a metaphor for traditional customs of renewal across many cultures?

Eggs

Kava originated from Mesoamerica, where it was used in ancient Maya rites

False

Khat users experience a sensation of lethargy and relaxation after drinking a tea made of this plant.

False

One of the key steps involved in processing cacao involves fermentation to remove some of the bitter constituents

True

Which of the following plants has been used in China for almost 5000 year?

Camelia Sinensis

Plants with stimulant alkaloids are rarely used in social situations

False

Modern agriculture, which relies on monocropping systems, is considered a natural system.

False

_______ was the first to describe the crop centers of origin. This was based on fieldwork conducted over many continents in which he investigated local landraces and varieties grown by farmers.

Nikolai Vavilov

The Svalbard Global Seed Vault is used to store seeds of crops and wild crop relatives from:

Around the World

To date, the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, or doomsday vault, has never had a seed withdrawal, only deposits

False

_______ spearheaded the creation of the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, which was built into the permafrost in Norway to serve as a long-term preservation measure

Cary Fowler

All of the following are centers of origin for Malus (apple) cultivation except:

West Africa

Over the long period of Zea (the corn genus) domestication, the plant has changed little and modern corn cobs look much like they did several thousand years ago.

False

Nikolai Vavilov's premise was that locations of plant domestication events around the world was essentially random

False

Some of the clues used to determine a crop's center of domestication include presence of a wide variety of cultivars, close wild relatives of the crop and traditional ecological knowledge about the crop

True

People here use a category of "like real food" to distinguish processed grains from other unprocessed starches

Dominica

Meals are structured into segments here, beginning with hot and cold salads, stew and ending with mint tea. The role of cooking os heavily gendered here (women fo all of it)

Morocco

This plant is an important medicinal food not only in Asia, but also in Africa and the Caribbean. It is eaten to treat diabetes skin aliments, GI problems, gynecological/fertility issues, among other things

Bitter Melon

The Caribbean medicinal "teas" typically refers to any one of a variety of medicinal plants, rather than Camellia Sinensis

True

"Agribusiness" as a human subsistence strategy has existed for how many years?

200

The collection and sake if wild edible plants in a strictly gendered phenomenom here, women holding most of the traditional knowledge regarding these practices

Thailand

Starchy African tubers (Viandas) make up an important part of the medicinal food diet here, along with fruits and medicinal drinks.

Cuba

In Thailand, Local cuisine typically incorporated wet curries, whereas in India, dry curries are more commonplace

True

Crop diversity is founded in the diversity of seeds

True

How did Nikolai Vavilov die?

Starvation, while imprisoned by his own country

Propagation/Restoration of a plant species requires how many seeds?

>10,000

Seed banks are a cost-effective means of long-term ______ plant conservation

Ex-situ

Which of the following plants types can ONLY outbreed

Dioecious

Viability of seeds is reduced or lost with the passage of time

True

In order to protect the few citrus trees on the island of Pantelleria from strong salty winds and heat, they are:

Planted inside a lava rock tower

The "bliss point" for foods is universal across ages and across cultural/ethnic groups

False

Viral Gastroenteritis (nausea, diarrhea, vomiting) can be successfully treated with antibiotics.

False

Not long (within a decade) after the discovery of antibiotics, scientist voiced concerns over the rise of antibiotic resistance if the drugs were improperly used.

True

A _____ plant may be used but is neither managed or cultivated

Wild

The _____ diet is associated with a state of chronic inflammation

Western

Which of the following is an example of a depressant plant

Kava

The apple cultivars in Western Europe were more or less cut off from their origins and evolved in relative isolation

True

Vavilov conducted expeditions on how many continents?

5

Hot chiles originated in SE Asia, and then spread to many regions of the world by trade.

False

Famine foods usually taste very good and in many cuisines, such as Thai, are eaten by people with high social status.

False

In Thailand, men play a big role in gathering and managing edible plants in ecotonal zones.

False

Wild edible plants can be associated with cultural identity and social status

True

A ratio of ______ of omega-6 omega-3 fatty acids is considered to be the most beneficial to human health

2:1

How many individuals are required to get the most genetic diversity?

45

Genus Zea (wild grasses of Central America and Mexico) were domesticated by at least

8700 BCE

Common forms of fermentation

Latic acid

Acetic acid

Alcoholic

______ are aromatic leaves or seeds of non-woody temperate plants

Culinary Herbs