PBIO FINALS - Metabolic Pathways of Biomolecules Pt. 2

maltase

converts maltose to glucose

sucrase

Converts sucrose to glucose and fructose

lactase

Converts lactose glucose and galactose

intestinal villi

are rich in blood capillaries into which monosaccharides are actively transported

Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway

Glycolysis aka

glycolysis

- Involves many steps, including the reactions in which metabolites of glucose are oxidized.

- Each reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme specific for that reaction.

1. phosphorylation

2. isomerization

3. phosphorylation

4. cleavage

5. isomerization

6. oxidative phosphorylation

7. substrate level phosphorylation

8. isomerization

9. dehydration

10. substrate level phosphorylation

Glycolysis steps

cleavage

split into two

substrate level phosphorylation

Transfer of a phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvateto ADP to give pyruvate.

2 ATP molecules

net gain of glucose

1. fructose

2. galactose

converted in the liver to intermediates that enter into the glycolysis pathway

cellular respiration

high energy producing processes

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA by ____

Lactate Fermentation

Enzymatic anaerobic reduction of pyruvate to lactate, occurs mainly in muscles.

Ethanol Fermentation

- Enzymatic anaerobic conversion of pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide.

- Simple organisms (yeast and bacteria) regenerate NAD through ethanol fermentation rxns.

1. pyruvate decarboxylation

2. acetaldehyde reduction to ethanol

2 reactions in ethanol fermentation

pyruvate decarboxylase

pyruvate decarboxylation by ____

alcohol dehydrogenase

Acetaldehyde reduction to ethanol by _____.

ethanol fermentation

Beer, wine and alcoholic drinks are produced by ____.

Acetyl Group Formation

End product of glycolysis is further oxidized

Acetyl Group Formation

Reactions occur both in cytosol (glucose metabolism) as well as mitochondria (fatty acid metabolism) of the cells.

pre-krebs cycle

pyruvate pxidation aka

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

pyruvate --- acetyl coa + co2

what enzyme?

lactate dehydrogenase

pyruvate ---- lactic acid

what enzyme?

pyruvate decarboxylase

pyruvate -----acetaldehyde ---- ethanol

what enzyme?