AP Human geography unit 7

cottage industry- small-scaled businesses, typically operated out of a person’s home ( Individuals typically use traditional techniques and tools to produce custom goods by hand)

industrialization put the cottage industry out of business

The Industrial Revolution allowed states to enter stage 2 of the demographic stage model

Enclosure movement- a movement in England that took agricultural land that was publicly owned by the community and privatized it. Countered the tragedy of the commons and increased food production.

primary - job and activities that involved extracting natural resources from the Earth (ex-fishermen, coal miners)

located close to each other for transportation

also located near an easy way of transportation

secondary- Jobs and activities that take raw resources to produce or manufacture products of greater value

tertiary- Jobs in activities of providing a service and other individuals (for example lawyer)

quaternary- Jobs in activities that revolve around acquiring, processing, and sharing information (ex: journalist)

Quinary- jobs and activities that revolve around making decisions (ex: politicians)

Value-added products. Products that have been processed in a way that increases its overall value (the final product can be sold for a higher price than the original Raw materials used.)

Gross domestic product GDP the total value of all goods and services provided used within a country's borders over a specific period GDP equals consumption + investment + government spending + (exports - imports)

economic development classification

core- Country spending, the most advanced economies with a high standard of living, typically have a degree, of political and economic influence over other countries in the world

semi-periphery- what are the emerging economics that are industrializing

periphery- countries that still rely heavily on exporting raw resources to more economically developed countries. Typically these countries are less economically developed and have a lower standard of living.

multinational corporation- a company that has business operations, in at least one country other than its home country

Alfred Weber’s least cost theory

transportation cost

labor costs

agglomeration- clustering of different economic activities and industries in a specific geographic area

What producing goods a product that becomes lighter and easier to transport as production occurs

  • have heavy and bulky raw resources that are used production of the good

  • the final product is often lighter and more maneuverable

Bluk Gaining Good- product that becomes heavier and more difficult to transfer as production occurs

formal economy- economies with activities that are recognized by law and overseen by the government example Doctors, servers, and teachers

Informal economy, economic activities in jobs that are not regulated are protected by the government example street vendors, domestic work, or unregistered small businesses

GDP = consumption + investment + gov spending + (exports- imports)

Gross national product, GNP, the total economic output, produced by countries, residents, and businesses regardless of their location there a specific period

The main difference is that the GNP factors it's also factoring the citizens that was abroad

Gross national GNI, is the total amount of income generated by countries, residences, and businesses domestically in a given year

Gender, any quality index GII- a composition index that measures gender-based inequalities in health, education and economic participation

Maternal mortality ratio a measure of the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births that occur due to pregnancy or childbirth-related complications

adolescent fertility rate number of lives per 1000 women aged 15 to 19 years old and a specific year

human Development index

-life expectancy

  • years of expectance of schooling

  • gross national income per capita

    the higher the score the more development

    Switzerland

global gender gap index

economic participation and opportunity

educational attainment

health and survival

political empowerment

individuals working in the informal economy, often like health insurance, and guaranteed minimum wage, sexual harassment laws

rostow’s stages of economic growth

  • traditional society ( mainly subsistence)

  • preconditions for take-off ( new industries accrue)

  • takeoff (rapid economic growth)

  • drive to maturity (participates more in global trade)

  • high mass consumption (wants more than needs)

criticized for not accounting for political and social patterns

dependency theory-a theory that suggests that the developing countries are dependent on developed countries for their economic growth

commodity dependence- when a country has more that 60% of its total exports made up of just commodities

trade deficits - a situation where a country imports more goods and services than it exports (occurs when a country spends more on imports than it earns on its exports)

neoliberalism and economic and political ideology that emphasizes individual freedom over government control, free markets

microloans- small loans provided to individuals or small businesses who are typically excluded from traditional banking services

microfinancing- a category of financial services that are for individual and small businesses who lack access to traditional banking services

-often includes access to a savings account insurance or money transfer savings

offshoring- the process of relocating a business process or service to a foreign country

-example: company A moves its manufacturing center out of the core country and into a semi-periphery country to take advantage of lower labor costs

outsourcing- pull up these contracts outside a service or job to an external provider in order to reduce their costs and increase their efficiency

economies of scale:

As a company grows it is able to reduce the average cost to produce its product

  • as companies get larger they have access to more capital, which allows them to scale up production and produce more at a cheaper rate

    international division of labor

  • a concept that describes how countries utilize their comparative advantage to specialize in difference economic activities, resources and capabilities

Comparative advantage

  • an economic concept that refers to the ability of a country individual or organization to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than another country, individual or organization

    urban blight- homes that hold close to no value due to being abandoned, vandalized, and/or stripped

special economic zones- regions within that provide a different economic incentives with the objective age of extracting Ford investments in promoting

economic growth

Countries outside of the core create new manufacturing zones to help the growth of

and attract more industries to those areas.

- Special Economic Zones (SEZ) - an area that has less environmental

regulations and tax incentives (Ex. 2018 India has new SEZ with little energy rules)

- Export Processing Zones (EPZ) - a company can import plant, machinery, and store

things without charge (Ex. Maquiladoras along the US-Mexico border)

- Free Trade Zone (FTZ) - a zone where tariffs and trade barriers are not present when

trading between two countries (See map below of some of the free trade zones)

fordism- a system of production that emphasizes mass production of standard goods

post fordism - a system of production that emaphizes more flexible production methods where workers are trained in multiple tasks and produce custom goods

growth poles- specific regions, cities, or economic sectors that considered centers of economic growth and development.