AP Human geography unit 7

Cottage Industry

Small-scaled businesses typically operated from home, using traditional techniques to produce custom goods by hand.

Industrialization

Process that led to the decline of the cottage industry due to the rise of large-scale manufacturing.

Enclosure Movement

Movement in England privatizing publicly owned agricultural land, increasing food production and countering the tragedy of the commons.

Primary Sector

Involves extracting natural resources from the Earth, like fishermen and coal miners.

Secondary Sector

Involves processing raw resources to manufacture products of greater value.

Tertiary Sector

Involves providing services, like lawyers.

Quaternary Sector

Involves acquiring, processing, and sharing information, like journalists.

Quinary Sector

Involves decision-making activities, like politicians.

Value-added Products

Products processed to increase their value and sell at a higher price than raw materials.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Total value of goods and services within a country's borders over a specific period.

Core Countries

Most advanced economies with high living standards and political influence.

Semi-periphery Countries

Emerging economies industrializing.

Periphery Countries

Rely heavily on exporting raw resources, less economically developed.

Multinational Corporation

Company with operations in at least one country other than its home country.

Alfred Weber’s Least Cost Theory

Considers transportation and labor costs in industrial location decisions.

Agglomeration

Clustering of economic activities in a specific geographic area.

Formal Economy

Regulated economic activities overseen by the government.

Informal Economy

Unregulated economic activities like street vending.

Gross National Product (GNP)

Total economic output produced by a country's residents and businesses.

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

Measures gender-based inequalities in health, education, and economic participation.

Maternal Mortality Ratio

Measures maternal deaths per 100,000 live births due to pregnancy complications.

Human Development Index

Measures life expectancy, education, and income for development assessment.

Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth

Describes stages from traditional society to high mass consumption.

Dependency Theory

Developing countries depend on developed countries for economic growth.

Offshoring

Relocating business processes to foreign countries for cost advantages.

Outsourcing

Contracting services to external providers for cost reduction.

Urban Blight

Abandoned, vandalized homes with little value.

Special Economic Zones

Regions offering economic incentives to attract investments and promote growth.

Fordism

Emphasizes mass production of standard goods.

Post-Fordism

Emphasizes flexible production methods and custom goods.