L1 - GORD

What is the primary cause of GORD?

Dysfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES).

What are the common symptoms of GORD?

Heartburn, chest discomfort, difficulty swallowing.

What is the role of gastric acid in the digestive system?

It aids in digestion, denatures proteins, activates digestive enzymes, and protects against pathogens.

What are the three key receptors involved in gastric acid secretion?

H2 receptors, gastrin receptors, and M3 muscarinic receptors.

How do H2 receptor antagonists work?

They competitively inhibit histamine at the H2 receptors, reducing acid secretion.

Describe the mechanism of action of Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs).

They irreversibly bind to and inhibit the ATPase proton pump, reducing acid secretion.

What is the definition of diarrhea?

The passage of loose or watery stools occurring more than three times per day.

What type of receptors do prokinetic agents like metoclopramide act on?

Dopamine D2 receptors in the gastrointestinal tract.

What is the mechanism of action of loperamide?

It acts on the mu opioid receptors in the gut to reduce intestinal motility and increase water absorption.