ACtually New deal and Great Depression

Flappers

carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom.

Harlem Renaissance

Black literary and artistic movement centered in Harlem that lasted from the 1920s into the early 1930s that both celebrated and lamented black life in America; Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston were two famous writers of this movement.

Scopes Trial

1925 trial of a Tennessee schoolteacher for teaching Darwin's theory of evolution

Speculation

An involvement in risky business transactions in an effort to make a quick or large profit.

On-Margin

buying a stock by paying only a fraction of the stock price and borrowing the rest

Margin Calls

When lenders demanded borrowers repay loans immediately, causing panic.

Credit

the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future.

Durable Goods

goods that last for a relatively long time, such as refrigerators, cars, and DVD players

Business Inventories

Extra unsold goods; when businesses had too much inventory, they slowed production.

The Gross Domestic Product

Total value of everything a country produces; it dropped hard during the Great Depression.

The Unemployment Rate

The percentage of people who want to work but can't find jobs; soared in the 1930s.

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.

Hoover's Ideology and Polices

Believed in limited government help; thought charities and local efforts should solve problems.

The Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Hoover's agency that gave loans to banks and businesses, hoping it would "trickle down" to the people.

The Bonus Army

Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash

Hoovervilles, Hoover Flags, Hoover Blankets

Nicknames for shantytowns, empty pockets, and newspaper blankets; people blamed Hoover for their suffering.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Democratic candidate who won the 1932 election by a landslide. He refused to uphold any of Hoover's policies with the intent on enacting his own. He pledged a present a "New Deal" (its specific meaning ambiguous at the time to the American people) to the American public.

Fireside Chats

radio broadcasts made by FDR to the American people to explain his initiatives

The Brian Trust

FDR's reform-minded intellectual advisers, who conceived much of the New Deal legislation

Frances Perkins

U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet; helped create Social Security

Father Coughlin

A priest who criticized the New Deal on the radio; he lost support after making anti-Semitic remarks.

Frances Townshed

Proposed a plan to give monthly pensions to the elderly; inspired part of Social Security.

Upton Sinclair

for governor of California with his EPIC (End Poverty in California) plan; criticized for being too radical.

Huey Long

As senator in 1932 of Washington preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a comfortable income, etc

Mary McLeod Bethune

African-American educator who advised FDR and worked for racial equality.

The Dust Bowl

A disaster of giant dust storms in the Great Plains caused by drought and poor farming.

The American Liberty League

A group of business leaders who thought the New Deal was too much government.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects

The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

Gave farmers money to reduce crop size to reduce production and bring up the value of crops

The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

Set rules for industry to raise wages and reduce competition (declared unconstitutional later).

The Farm Security Agency

Lent money to sharecroppers and tenant farmers to help them buy their own farms; established camps for migrant workers

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

a federal corporation established in 1933 to construct dams and power plants in the Tennessee Valley region to generate electricity as well as to prevent floods; provided jobs in poor Southern areas.

Glass Steagall and the FDIC

Separated commercial and investment banking; FDIC protects your money in banks.

Work Progress Administration (WPA)

A relief program that hired millions to build roads, schools, and even fund artists and writers.

The Wager Act and the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)

Protected workers' rights to unionize and strike.

The Social Security Act

(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

The Fair Labor Standards Act

1938 law that set a minimum wage, a maximum workweek of 44 hours, and outlawed child labor

The Securities and Exchange Commission

an independent agency of the government that regulates financial markets and investment companies

The Court Packing Plan

President FDR's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of US Supreme Court Justices from 9 to 15 in order to save his 2nd New Deal programs from constitutional challenges