AP HUG Chapter 8 Vocab

State

An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs

Sovereignty

Independence from control of its internal affairs

Microstates

States with 1,000 or less square miles

City

States

Self Determination

The idea that different ethnicities have the right to control their affairs within their own states

Nation

A group of people with shared cultural and political values and a common history

Nation

State

Multithic State

A state that contains several ethnicities

Multinational State

sovereign entity that comprises two or more nations or states.

Colony

A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely separate

Boundary

An invisible line that marks the extent of the territory of a state

Frontier

Zones where no state exercises complete political control

Deliniation

The process of drawing a boundary, and involves complex political maneuvering between involved parties

Demarcation

The process of physically establishing a boundary.

3 Types of Physical Boundaries

Desert, Mountain, and Water

2 Types of Cultural Boundaries

Geometric and Ethnic

Geometric Boundaries

Relatively straight lines drawn on a map. Do not coincide with physical or cultural features

Ethnic Boundaries

Coincide with differences in ethnicity, especially language and religion

Territorial Waters

12 miles from land

Contiguous Zone

12 miles from Territorial Waters

Exclusive Economic Zone

200 miles from baseline

International Waters

200 miles from baseline

Compact State

Distance from center of state to any boundary does not vary significantly. Capital is typically placed at center

Elongated State

Long and narrow state; may suffer from poor internal communications

Prorupted State

Otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension created to: 1. provide a state with access to a resource or 2. separate two states that would otherwise share a boundary

Perforated State

A state that completely surrounds another one

Fragmented States

Includes several discontinuous pieces of territory.

Democracy

A country in which citizens elect leaders and can run for office

Autocracy

A country that is run according to the interests of the ruler rather than the people

Anocracy

A country that is not fully democratic or fully anocratic, but a mix of the two

Gerrymandering

When the party in charge of redistricting uses the power to give them an electoral advantage

Wasted Vote

Spreads opposition votes across many districts

Excess Vote

Concentrates opposition supported into a few districts

Stacked Vote

Links distant areas of like

Enclave

A part of the country that is enclosed by the territory of another country

Exclave

A part of a country physically disconnected by the territory of another state(s)

Unipolar

One superpower

Bipolar

Two superpowers

Multipolar

Several superpowers

Mutual Defense Pacts

An attack on one member would be considered an attack on all

Iron Curtain

The line between the Warsaw Pact and NATO

Terrorism

The systematic use of violence to intimidate a population to achieve political goals

Publicity

A central goal of a terrorist attack, to lead to intimidation and coercion

State Sponsors of Terror

Countries that aid terrorist groups and give them assistance when needed