Anatomy and Physiology Unit 1

Anatomy

the study of the structures of the body

Physiology

the study of how the body functions

Body organization

Arranged in hierarchy. Simple to complex. Atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissue, organs, organ systems, the human body

Cells

the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms

Tissues

groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function

Nervous tissue

brain, spinal cord, nerves

Epithelial tissue

Lining of GI tract organs and other hollow organs. Skin surface (epidermis)

Muscle tissue

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle

connective tissue

fat and other soft padding tissue, bone, and tendon. miscillaneous

Organs

are composed of 2 or more tissue types and perform a specific function for the body

Integumentary System

Skin, nail, hair. External covering that protects the body and helps to rugulate body temperature

Skeletal System

supports body and provides structure. bones, cartilage, ligaments. Forms red and white blood cells

Muscular System

allows movement and facial expression, posture, and produce heat. primary skeletal muscles

Lymphatic System

Returns fluid leaked from blood vessels to the blood. Cleans lymphatic fluid of bacteria to prevent infections. lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymph, thymus, spleen, tonsils

Respiratory System

exchanges CO2 with the environment for O2. nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Urinary System

eliminates nitrgenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid base balance of the blood. kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Nervous System

fast acting control system that responds to internal and external changes. brain, spinal cord, and sense organs

Endocrine System

slow, secretes hormones that regulate processes like growth, reproduction, and metabolism. pituitary gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroid

Circulatory System

heart pumps blood. Blood carries O2, CO2, and nutrients to and from cells. heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries

Digestive System

breaks down food that enters the blood for distribution. Eliminates undigestible food as sildi waste. stomach, small and large intestine, esophagus, liver, mouth, pancreas

Male Reproductive System

testes, vas deferens, prostate, seminal vesicles, penis

Female reproductive system

ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, breasts

Anatomic terms

Medial and Lateral. Proximal and Distal. Superior and Inferior. Anterior and Posterior (Ventral and Dorsal). Superficial and Deep

Anatomical Position

Standing, face front, feet parallel, arms at side with palms facing forward

Body Planes

Sagittal, Transverse, and Frontal (Coronal)

Homeostasis

the state of dynamic equilibrium of the internal environment of the body. The body operates within a narrow range of temperatures, fluids, and chemicals

Homeostatic Cycle

1. Receptor (detects change) 2. Control center (An area of the body that receives and processes information from the receptor) 3. Effector (sends signal -feedback) that either opposes or enhances the stimulus

Negative feedback

when the effector opposes the stimulus and reverses the direction of change (more common), ex. The temperature falls, so the temperature receptors on the skin send a message to the brain, the hypothalamus sends nerve impulses to the muscles, and the muscles shiver, raising the body temperature

Positive feedback

when the effector reinforces the stimulus and amplifies the direction of change (rare), ex. Childbirth and blood clotting increase the balance until a specific goal is reached

Structure and function

how something is shaped directly affects how it functions

The 4 most common elements in the human body

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

Ionic bond

transfer of electrons between metals. Ionic compounds are salts or electrolytes.

Electrolytes

substances that ionize in solution and are capable of conducting electricity. 7 primary electrolytes are Na-, Ca2+, K+, HPO4^2-, HCO3-, Mg2+, Cl-

Covalent bonds

sharing electrons in organic (carbon-based) molecules. Long chains of compounds and more complexity in life. May be a polar covalent bond

Hydrogen bonds

weak bonds found between or within polar molecules. Water is a polar molecule because the hydrogen end is slightly positively charged compared to the oxygen end

Water is vital

high heat capacity to prevent sudden temp change, solvent (things can dissolve in water), reactant in many chemical reactions, protective cushion around organs (like the brain and fetus)

pH

acids are 0-6, 7 is neutral, bases are 8-14. Acid is H+ (hydrogen ions), and bases are OH- (hydroxide ions). 7.35 to 7.45 is pH compatible with life. Blood is 7.4

Organic compounds

carbon-based, relatively large, covalently bonded. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Carbohydrates

sugars and starches. Contains CHO. Monosaccharides(glucose), disaccharides, and polysaccharides. ex) bread, pasta, potatoes

Lipids

the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms exceeds the number of oxygen atoms. Contains CHO. Most are insoluble in water. Ex) meats, egg yolk, milk, oil. Triglycerides (dietary fats, saturated or unsaturated), steroids (cholesterol - found in cell membranes and used for hormone/vitamin D production). Phospholipids are in the cell membrane

Proteins

over 50% of organic matter in the body. CHON. 20 different amino acids, and their sequence determines the shape and function of a protein. ex) fibrous/structural (collagen and keratin) and globular/functional (enzymes and antibodies)

Enzymes

functional proteins that act as biological catalysts. Catalysts speed up chemical reactions

Nucleic acids

DNA and RNA. Deoxyribonucleic acid is the genetic material found in the cell nucleus and provides the instructions for building every protein. ATP is the nucleic acid that provides cellular energy