PALM 200 - blood and immune system

blood

fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins, transporting oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients to the tissues

formed elements

blood cells and cellular fragments

packed cell volume

the volume of blood cells in a sample after it has been centrifuged; normally about 45% of the blood sample

plasma

liquid portion of blood that carries formed elements, clotting factors, electrolytes, and proteins

serum

liquid portion of blood left after removing the clotting factors and blood cells

bone marrow

soft tissue within medullary cavities of bone, with multiple functions including the production of blood cells

erythropoietin

hormone released by kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production in bone marrow

hemopoiesis

formation of various types of blood cells and other formed elements

lymphatic system

network of vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphatic organs that plays a role in immunity by collecting lymph

lymph

colorless fluid containing white blood cells that drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream

lymph node

bean-shaped body in which lymph is filtered and lymphocytes are formedsplee

spleen

vascular lymphatic organ responsible for filtering blood, destroying old red blood cells, producing red blood cells before birth, and storing blood

erythrocyte

blood cell that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide

hemoglobin

protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen; gives red blood cells the characteristic color

iron

essential trace element necessary for hemoglobin to transport oxygen red blood cells

macrocyte

a large red blood cell

Rh factor

protein substance present in the red blood cells of most people (85%); it is capable of inducing intense antigenic reactions

leukocyte (WBC)

largest blood cell; protects against pathogens, foreign substances, and cellular debris

granulocyte

white blood cell with visible granules; the three types are named according to the type of dye to which each is attracted

neutrophil

type of granulocyte that fights against bacterial infections; stains a neutral pink; 60-70% of circulating WBCs

eosinophil

type of granulocyte that functions in allergic reactions and against parasites; stains red; 2-4% of circulating WBCs

basophil

type of granulocyte that releases histamine in allergic reactions and inflammatory responses; stains a dark blue with a basic dye; 0.5-1.0% of circulating WBCs

agranulocyte

white blood cell without clearly visible granules

lymphocyte

type of agranulocyte that circulates in the lymphatic system and is active in immunity 20-25% of circulating WBCs

B lymphocyte

white blood cell that, when in contact with a foreign antigen, produces antibodies to inactivate the antigen

T lymphocyte

white blood cell that matures in the thymus gland and specializes in creating an immune response

monocyte

largest type of white blood cell; 3-8% of circulating WBCs

macrophage

enlarged and matured monocyte active in phagocytosis (eating and destroying)

platelets

cellular fragments in the blood that stick together, forming a clot

clotting factors

any of the various plasma components involved in the clotting process

coagulation

clotting; changing from a liquid to a solid state

fibrin

elastic fiber protein needed in clotting and derived from fibrinogen

fibrinogen

plasma protein that is converted into solid threads called fibrin

antibody

soldier-like protein that protects the body and inactivates antigens; provides immunity against substances and microorganisms

antigen

agent or substance that provokes an immune response

histamine

substance released by damaged cells that increases blood flow to the area, causing an inflammatory response involving heat, redness, swelling, and pain

immune response

the body’s reaction to an antigen

immunity

protection against disease

pathogen

any virus, microorganism, or other substance that causes disease

phagocytosis

cellular process of eating and destroying substances, usually by the neutrophils and macrophages

color

chrom/o

granules

granul/o

immune, safe

immun/o

neutral

neutr/o

eat, swallow

phag/o

vein

phleb/o

formation, growth

plas/o

blood clot

thromb/o

self, same

auto-

base

basi-, baso-

large, long

macro-

small

micro-

before, promoting

pro-

cell

\-cyte

blood

\-emia

condition, process

\-sis

origin, production

\-gen

destruction, breakdown, separation

\-lysis

abnormal condition

\-osis

deficiency

\-penia

production, formation

\-poiesis

autoimmunity

pertaining to one’s immune system attacking its own tissues or cells

cytopathic

pertaining to a disease or disorder of a cell or cellular component

hemopoietic

pertaining to the formation of blood cells

hemolytic

pertaining to the rupture or destruction of red blood cells

hemorrhagic

pertaining to profuse or excessive bleeding

hemostasis

stopping blood flow or arresting bleeding

hypersensitive

condition of excessive response or an exaggerated sensitivity to a stimulus

inflammatory

pertaining to heat, redness, swelling, and pain in response to tissue inquiry

predisposition

condition of being susceptible to disease

proliferative

growing and increasing in number of similar cells

rejection

immunologic response of incompatibility to a transplanted organ or tissue

systemic

pertaining to the whole body

virulent

denotes an extremely toxic pathogen

anemia

condition in which the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or packed cell volume is lower than normal

aplastic deficiency anemia

disorder in which the bone marrow does not produce enough red blood cells

iron deficiency anemia

disorder in which hemoglobin is unable to transport oxygen due to a lack of iron

pernicious anemia

disorder in which the number of red blood cells decreases with simultaneous enlargement of individual cells due to an inability to absorb vitamin B12; usually in older adults

hemorrhagic anemia

disorder involving lack of red blood cells due to profuse blood loss

thalassemia

disorder caused by a genetic defect resulting in low hemoglobin production

sickle cell anemia

disorder caused by a genetic defect resulting in abnormal hemoglobin causing sickle-shaped red blood cells, which have difficulty moving through small capillary vessels

autoimmune disease

condition in which the immune system attacks normal body tissues

clotting disorder

condition characterized by an inability of blood to coagulate

hemophilia

bleeding disorder due to a deficiency of a clotting factor

thrombocytopenia

disorder involving low levels of platelets in the blood

idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

disorder resulting from platelet destruction by macrophages characterized by bruising and bleeding from mucous membranes

von willebrand disease

bleeding disorder characterized by a tendency to bleed primarily from the mucous membranes due to a deficiency of a clotting factor

hemochromatosis

excessive absorption and storage of dietary iron in body tissues causing dysfunction

mononucleosis

increase of mononuclear leukocytes with symptoms of fever, enlarged cervical lymph nodes, and fatigue

pancytopenia

deficiency in all types of blood cells

polycythemia

increase in number of red blood cells

rheumatoid arthritis

autoimmune disease causing progressive destructive changes and inflammation in multiple joints, especially in the hands and feet

septicemia

spread of microorganisms or toxins through circulating blood

sjogren syndrome

chronic autoimmune disease characterized by degeneration of the salivary and lacrimal glands causing dryness of the mouth and eyes and other mucous membranes

systematic lupus erythematosus

inflammatory, autoimmune, connective tissue disease that can affect all organ systems

thrombosis

abnormal presence of clotting within a blood vessel

albumin

measurement of this protein level; used to diagnose liver or kidney problems, inflammation, malnutrition, or dehydration

bilirubin

screen for liver disorders or anemia; bile, found in bilirubin, is a yellow pigment formed from hemoglobin, and excess is associated with jaundice

blood smear

evaluation of the appearance and number of blood cells and the different types of white blood cells

complete blood count

automated count of all blood cells