M6L1 The enlightenment

The Enlightenment challenged existing notions of all of the following, except

nutrition

Frederick II reminds his fellow monarchs that they are, in the end, the

Principal servant of the state.

For Frederick II, the ruler and the ruled must be

Firmly united to be happy.

In 1781, Joseph II granted "personal" liberty to whom in the Holy Roman Empire?

Serfs

Joseph II ended most forms of discrimination and restrictions on private worship for Protestants when he issued the

Toleration Patent of 1781

European enlightened despots

Embraced some but not all principles of Enlightenment thinking.

Prussia's Frederick II (Frederick the Great), though dedicated to enlightened rule, always reinforced his privileges as an absolute monarch whose primary duty was

The stability of his state.

In the face of several peasant rebellions during her reign, Russia's Catherine the Great

Ruthlessly crushed them.

Isaac Newton and John Locke were at the origins of the Enlightenment because they believed our understanding of the world should come from

Observation

Locke believed that all knowledge is based on observation as well as

The inner human ability to observe oneself thinking.

Locke states that "supreme power" cannot take something from a man without his consent. What is it?

His property

Locke asserts that legislative power cannot transfer the right of making laws to any other hands because it is a

Delegated power from the people.

Enlightenment philosophes believed they could codify the natural laws of human society. We now call this work the

social sciences

When Diderot created the first encyclopedia, he was trying to accomplish what great task?

The rational organization of all human rational knowledge.

Enlightenment philosophes argued that there were

Fundamental natural laws that lie beneath human society and human interaction.

The philosophes believed they had to--because of their "enlightened" minds armed with reason--fight all of the following, except

ugliness

Rousseau inspired one of the following revolutions

French

In 1755, Rousseau published the Discourse on the Origin of Inequality, in which he said that early humans had been better off in

A state of nature

Rousseau stated that a community's sovereignty lies in the interestes of the people, as expressed in what he called

The general will

A form of government with the power residing with those elected who are responsible to the people.

republic

A political philosophy founded on the ideas of liberty and equality.

Liberalism

Theory that valued emotion above reason and found spiritual growth in response to nature.

Romanticism

Encouraged the expression of extreme emotions in music and literature.

German Romanticism

The belief that humans all had the right to life, liberty, and property.

human rights

In medieval Europe, ______ was a condition of bondage in exchange for military protection.

serfdom

A ______ state is any state that seeks to organize its government without any religious influence.

secular

In the 16th century, religious ______ of women was common throughout Europe to maintain doctrinal purity because women tended to be the first to spread heresy.

persecution

Louis XIV broke French precedent by establishing himself as ______ monarch by believing it was his divine right to rule.

absolute

French _____ were the most famous group of Enlightenment thinkers.

Philosophers