APUSH Unit 7

Period 7: 1890-1945

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.

Alfred T. Mahan

Wrote "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History;" Argued that the economic future of the United States rested on new overseas markets protected by a larger navy.

Social Darwinism

19th century of belief that evolutionary ideas theorized by Charles Darwin could be applied to society.

Alaska

"Seward's Folly," acquired in 1867 from Russia

Hawaii

1898- white planters organize a revolt against the Queen in 1893, US aids rebels and annexes it in 1898

Spanish American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

Yellow journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

Delome letter

A private letter written by the Spanish Minister to U.S that criticized President McKinley; called him "weak" and "a bidder for the admiration of the crowd"

U.S.S. Maine

"start" of the Span-Amer war; exploded off the coast of cuba and it was blamed on spanish torpedoes; heightened by yellow journalists

Teller Amendment

Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war

Rough Riders

Volunteer regiment of US Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War

Dewey

Admiral of the United States Navy, where he claimed victory at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War.

Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam

Territories acquired by the US in the Imperial period

Platt Amendment

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

Emilio Aguinaldo

Filipino General - helped US take Philipines during Spanish-American war - helped Philippines gain freedom from US

Roosevelt Corollary

Addition to the Monroe Doctrine asserting America's right to intervene in Latin American affairs

Panama and Colombia

1903; US helped one country gain independence from the other so that we could get the rights to the land needed to build the Panama Canal

Great White Fleet

16 American battleships, painted white, sent around the world to display American naval power

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Missionary Diplomacy

Woodrow Wilson's policy contingent on the belief that it was America's responsibility and destiny to spread its institutions and values to the far corners of the globe

Progressivism

The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution.

municipal reform

reform during Progressive Era improving public facilities; utilities become publicly owned

Coal Strike

T.R. summoned coal mine owners who refused to deal with the union in a 1902 strike, threatened to use army troops to keep the mines open; owners back down/T.R. credited with ending strike

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Sherman Anti-trust Act

an 1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States

Federal Reserve Act

a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

Clayton Anti-trust Act

New antitrust legislation constructed to remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act, namely, its effectiveness against labor unions

FTC

Federal Trade Commission. Protects consumers from misleading and fraudulent advertising. Reviews advertising claims. Can order a company to change their ad

WIB

1917; headed by Bernard Baruch, coordinated US industries for war-time production "butter to guns"

War Labor Board

(WLB) settled disputes between business and labor without strikes so that production would not be interrupted and morale would be high

Oregon System

Reforms to political process including initiative, referendum and recall, soon adopted by other states

Referendum

A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.

17th Amendment

1913- Allowed for the voters in each state to elect their US senators directly

19th Amendment

1920- Gave women the right to vote.

NAACP

1909- National Association for the Advancement of Colored Peopl

Australian ballot

A government printed ballot of uniform size and shape to be cast in secret that was adopted by many states around 1890 in order to reduce the voting fraud associated with party printed ballots cast in public.

Muckrakers

Journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business

Robert Lafollette

Republican Senator from Wisconsin - ran for president under the Progressive Party - proponent of Progressivism and a vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, World War I, and the League of Nations

Women's suffrage

A movement that aimed for women's right to vote.

WEB DuBois

1st African-America to earn a PhD from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

16th Amendment

1913 - Allows the federal government to collect income tax

18th Amendment

1919 - Ban on sale, manufacture, and transport of alcoholic beverages. Repealed by 21st amendment

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's domestic platform during the 1912 election accepting the power of trusts and proposing a more powerful government to regulate them

Square Deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

Hepburn and Elkins Act

gave ICC power to set max railroad rates and extend its jurisdiction.

Conservation

TR's push to protect natural resources

William Taft

27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting tariffs; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.

Election of 1912

Presidential campaign involving Taft, Roosevelt, and Wilson. Taft and TR split the Republican vote, enabling Wilson to win

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

New Freedom

Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.

Underwood Tariff

Pushed through Congress by Woodrow Wilson, this 1913 tariff reduced average tariff duties by almost 15% and established a graduated income tax

WWI

1914-1918

Causes in Europe of WWI

MAIN: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

U.S. entrance into WWI

(1917) U.S. declared war on Germany after effective propaganda about German atrocities and Germany's use of submarine-warfare to block British commerce

Espionage and Sedition Act

Two laws enacted to impose harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S participation in WWI

Socialists

Group that believed nation's resources and industries should be owned and operated by the government on behalf of the people

Schenck v. United States

Court case that limited freedom of speech 2) upheld the Espionage Act 3) under certain circumstances, SCOTUS can limit free speech.

Pershing

United States general who commanded the American forces in Europe during World War I

Russian Revolution

Prompted by labor unrest, personal liberties, and elected representatives, this political revolution occurred in 1917 when Czar Nicholas II was murdered and Vladimir Lenin sought control to implement his ideas of socialism.

14 Points

(1918) President Woodrow Wilson's plan for organizing post World War I Europe and for avoiding future wars.

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

Isolationism

A policy of avoiding political or military involvement with other countries

Great Migration

Movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

White Man's Burden

A poem by British poet Rudyard Kipling commenting on American imperialism. It created a phrase used by imperialists to justify the imperialistic actions taken by the US

recall

A procedure allowing the people to vote to dismiss an elected official from state office before his or her term has expired.

Niagara Movement

A group of black and white reformers who organized the NAACP in 1909

bully pulpit

The president's use of his prestige and visibility to guide or enthuse the American public. TR.

Zimmerman Telegram

A telegram Germany Sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to attack the U.S. in 1917

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Unrestricted submarine warfare

A policy that the Germans announced in January 1917 which stated that their submarines would sink any ship in British waters without warning