Cell Specialization and Adaptations

Flashcards about key concepts related to cell specialization and adaptations for increased efficiency in multicellular organisms.

Cell Specialization

The evolution of multicellular organisms allowed for cells to take on specific functions.

Surface Area to Volume Ratio (SA:V)

A ratio that influences how efficiently substances are exchanged; larger surface area relative to volume enhances diffusion.

Type I Pneumocytes

Thin cells in alveoli that facilitate gas exchange by minimizing diffusion distance.

Type II Pneumocytes

Cuboidal alveolar cells that secrete surfactant, which reduces surface tension in the alveoli.

Surfactant

A mixture of lipoproteins secreted by Type II pneumocytes that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing collapse.

Proximal Convoluted Tubules

Small tubes in the kidneys responsible for selectively filtering substances.

Cardiac Muscle Cells

Striated muscle cells found in the heart, characterized by intercalated discs and branching structure.

Striated Muscle Fibers

Muscle fibers with a banded appearance due to the organization of myofibrils made of actin and myosin.

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells specialized in transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Invagination

A process where cells fold inward to increase surface area for absorption.