Unit 4: Period 4: 1800–1848 (copy)

The Revolution of 1800

Refers to the election where Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr were tied in the Electoral College, leading to a significant shift from Federalist to Democratic-Republican power without violence.

Thomas Jefferson

President who won the election of 1800, resulting in a significant shift in power and referred to the transition as the 'bloodless revolution.'

Aaron Burr

Thomas Jefferson's opponent in the election of 1800 who later killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel.

Judicial Review

Established by the case Marbury v. Madison, it is the principle that allows the Supreme Court to invalidate laws that are unconstitutional.

Louisiana Purchase

A major land acquisition by Jefferson in 1803 that doubled the size of the United States and raised constitutional questions about presidential powers.

Embargo Act of 1807

A law that halted all American trade with foreign countries under Jefferson, leading to widespread economic distress.

Macon's Bill No. 2

Legislation that reopened trade with France and England, while threatening to cut off trade with the offending country.

War of 1812

Conflict between the United States and Britain over trade and impressment, which ultimately led to a surge in American nationalism.

The Hartford Convention

A meeting of Federalists during the War of 1812 where grievances about trade laws and presidential term limits were discussed.

American System

Economic policies promoted by Henry Clay aimed at promoting national growth through tariffs, internal improvements, and a national bank during the Madison administration.

Monroe Doctrine

A principle articulated in 1823 that asserted opposition to European colonialism in the Americas, stating that the Western Hemisphere was under American influence.

Andrew Jackson

Seventh President of the United States known for populism, the Indian Removal Act, and his opposition to the national bank.

Trail of Tears

The forced relocation of the Cherokee nation from their homelands to Oklahoma, resulting in significant suffering and death.

Nullification Doctrine

The idea that states could invalidate federal laws deemed unconstitutional, prominently associated with John C. Calhoun.

Cotton Gin

Invented by Eli Whitney, it revolutionized Southern agriculture by greatly increasing the efficiency of cotton processing.

Market Economy

An economic system where decisions regarding investment, production, and distribution are based on supply and demand.

Manifest Destiny

The 19th-century doctrine that it was the divine right of the United States to expand its territory across North America.

Second Great Awakening

A Protestant religious revival that sparked a series of reform movements, including abolitionism and women's rights.

Abolitionism

The movement aimed at ending slavery in the United States, gaining momentum from the moral fervor of the Second Great Awakening.

Temperance Movement

A social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages, closely associated with the early abolition movement and other social reforms.

Corrupt Bargain

The alleged agreement between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay during the election of 1824 that led to Adams' presidency.