Epizootology - MCQ + short answer

Tuberculosis in swine is caused by

transmission of avian influenza (mcq

WOAH stands for(mcq)

World organisation of animal health

Reservoirs for borrelia burgdorfer

rodent

Campylobacteriosis

Is a zoonosis

For the detection of canine parvovirus 2 in clinical practive we use:

ELISA for detection of antibodies

WHO is

World Health Organization

Post-epizootic means

The lowest degree of epizootic disease / intensity

2 multiple choice options

Differential diagnosis of foot and mouth diseases:

Vesicular disease,

vesicular stomtatitis and

vesicular exanthema

Which diagnostic methods do we include in the laboratory examination of bovine mastitis?

Somatic Cell Count

Bacteriological Culturing

PCR

For detection of leptospiral antibodies we mostly use

Immunofluorescence

Definition of epizootiology

studies origin, frequency, distribution, devenelopment and extinction of animal health and disease at population level

Based on their analyses defines - methods for creation of protection, improvement and recovery of collective health, reducing, eliminating and eradiating common diseases

What are the objectives of epizootiology

• Create and maintain disease-free animal populations.

• Protect animal populations (both infectious-free and non-infectious-diseased free) against diseases and their causes.

• Safeguard human populations from diseases transmissible from animals (zoonoses).

• Reduce, eliminate, and eradicate mass animal diseases.

• Improve and recover animal population health

What are the methods of epizootiology

1. Statistical methods -

2. Theoretical methods -

3. Analytical methods

4. Diagnostics method -

5. Descriptive methods -

6. Experimental methods

Deine epizootic process and its stages

Epizootic process is the biological, dynamic and multifactorial phenomenon based on the continuous interaction among animal population, aetiological agents and environment

Stages:

1. Inter-epizootic stage (latent stage)

2. Pre-epizootic stage (awakening period)

3. Ascending stage

4. Culmination stage

5. Descending stage

6. Post-epizootic stage

Grades of epizootic process

1. Sporadic - irregularly

2. Enzootic - specific disease continuously present in a given population or geographical area during longer time period

3. Epizootic - occurs in a population or region in excess of normal expectancy

4. Panzootic - occuring - wide area and affecting a large proportion of population

Define pre-epizootic process

Population specific immunity is reduced (no. of susceptible animal increases, thus pathogenicity of agent is at its highest)

Define panzootic process

Process occuring over a very wide area and affecting large proportions of the population

What does infection process require?

1. Presence of pathogenic microbe

2. Way of shedding from the source of etiological agents to next susceptible macroorganism

3. Presence of susceptible macroorganism

Stages of infectious process

1. Incubation period - time interval between exposure to etiological agent and appearance of clinical signs

2. Prodromal period - unspecific signs of infection

3. Manifestation period - specific clinical signs

4. Final period - recovery or death

Forms of infectious process according to its duration

1. Peracute - within a very short time -

2. Acute - few days to 2weeks

3. Subacute - 2 weeks up to 1 month

4. Subchronic - few months

5. Chronic - many months

Forms of infectious process according its manifestation

Apparent - apparent clinical signs

Abortive - clinical signs appear and disappear

Inapparent - carriers without clinical signs (HIV)

Latent - no clinical signs and cannot transmit disease (Herpes)

Sources of etiological agents

Recently infected individuals - animal harbors etiological agent with manifested disease or inapparent infection, animal may or not transmit

Carrier animals

Intermediate host and vectors

The environment

Division of etiological agent according to their tropism - with example

Monotropic - tropisms for one organ or system e.g. Influenza (respiratory)

Polytropic - tropisms for more organs and system e.g. Leptospirosis (kidney, liver)

Pantropic - multiple sites in organism e.g anthrax - destroy everything

Pathogenicity and tropism of agent

Pathogenicity - genetic ability of microbe to cause infectious process in susceptible macroorganisms

• depends on ability to survive, capability to enter and multiply etc.

Obligatory -

Facultative -

Apathogenic - not able to cause infectious disease

Routes of transmission

Alimentary tract

Respiratory tract

Skin - through damaged or undamaged skin

Urogenital tract

Mammary gland - lactogenic infection

Conjuctiva

Umbilical infection

Accidental entry

Define indirect transmission

Infectious agent is passed between individuals through the medium of inanimate or animate objects

May be vehicle borne or vector borne

One health approach

One Health is a collaborative global approach that recognizes the interdependent health of humans, animals, and the environment. By understanding these interconnections, it aims to manage risks and achieve optimal health outcomes for the entire ecosystem. 

Zoonoses definitions

Zoonoses is a disease which can be transmitted from vertebrate animals to humans

Direct zoonoses - from host to humans

Cyclo-zoonoses - more than one vertebrate animal host is required for survival

Meta-zoonoses - both av ertebrate and invertebrate host, humans infected when bitten by vector

Sapra-zoonoses - the infection requires a non-living site such as soil or water to persist or multiply

Anthropo-zoonosis - animal disease transmissible to man

Zooanthrop-onosis - human disease transmissible to animals

What is eradicaiton of infectious disease ? (check this one)

Main principle is elimination of all diseased animals via 2 methods

1sth method - slaughtering policy of affected and suspected animals

2nd method - complete depopulation (without testing) of all animals in the territory

Define polyvalent vaccine

Vaccine that immunizes against more than one strain of antigen

- immunize against two or more strains of same microorganism or against two or more microorganisms

What is natural focality

Natural foci - geographical terretories, which are exactly bordered and characterized by given geobiocenosis and ecosysems with pathogenic agents

Role of colostrum

It is a source of passive immunity from mother

Protect against septicaemia and organ infection, local protection of intestine against multiplication of bacteria

Serum Ig concentration is in direct relation ot amount of ingested Ig, which is related to amount of colostrum intake and quality of colostrum

Consequences of intrauterine infections

Abortion,

birth of clinically healthy animal,

birth of immunotolerance - clinicially healthy but persistently infected individual

Clinical signs of not getting Ig in newborns

FPTA = failure of passive transport of antibodies

Animal is weak and unable to mount an immune response - will likely die within a day or two after birth as a result of infection

Profuse diarrhea and dehydration, respiratory or systemic infections are visible 3-5 days after birth

Define immunomodulators

A substance that has an effect on the immune system, either a suppressive or stimulating effect

4 serology methods

ELISA -

Neutralisation test (VNT) -

Hemagglutination inhibition test (HIT) -

Rapid slide agglutination -

What is the principle of virus neutralization test - VNT?

the antibody (Ab) capacity to neutralize viral in vitro. 

• Positive Serum: Contains a "shield" (antibodies) that stops the virus from causing harm (damaging cells).

• Negative Serum: Has no "shield," so the virus can cause harm (damage cells).

What is the principle of immunofluorescence - IFA?

Use of marked ABs of immune serum against Ag want visualize

Antigen + antibody (marked) under fluorescence microscope is visualised by a fluorochrome, which has bound before to antibody

What is the principle of virus inhibition test?

measure Ab levels in blood serum

Serum Ab interfere with virus attachment to RBC. Therefore hemagglutination is hinhibited when Ab are present at a sufficient concentration

If a dog gets infected with the Aujeszkys disease

Disease is always fatal

2 multiple choice options

Lyme disease is caused by

Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato

2 multiple choice options

Bluetongue

is a vector borne disease

2 multiple choice options

The causative agent of canine parvovirus enteritis is

CPV-2

CPV-1

CPV-2

2 multiple choice options

What is the mortality in case of prion disease

100%

2 multiple choice options

Reservoirs of leptospira spp. are

mosquitos

rodents

rodents

2 multiple choice options

In sows and boars infected by Aujeszkys disease

primarily respiratory signs develop

2 multiple choice options

Causative agent of feline panleukopenia is

Feline parvovirus

2 multiple choice options

What is the diagnostic approach to animal with dermatomycoses?

History, clinical examination, skin scraping, microscopic examination, mycological culture

2 multiple choice options

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

airborne disease caused by BoHV-1

2 multiple choice options

Provirus

A. A type of bacterium that infects host cells
B. Is a DNA copy of a retrovirus, incorporated into the genome of host cell
C. A protein coat that surrounds the viral genetic material

is a DNA copy of a retrovirus, incorporated into the genome of host cell

2 multiple choice options

In cattle infected by the bluetongue virus

A. infection is apparent

B. infection is inapparent

infection is inapparent

2 multiple choice options

What is causative agent of Q fever

A. Borrelia burgdorferi
B. Rickettsia rickettsii

C. Coxiella burnetii

Coxiella burnetii

2 multiple choice options

Mink viral enteritis is caused by

A. Carnivore parvovirus
B. Paramyxovirus morbillivirus
C. Canine coronavirus

Parvovirus

2 multiple choice options

What is basic diagnostic approach if bacterial enteral infection is suspected in animals?

Determine total leukocyte count, differential blood count, perform rectal swab, taking fecal sample, bacteriological culture with antibiotic susceptibility testing

1 multiple choice option

Incubation period of canine distemper is

a. 1-5

b. 3-7

3-7 days

2 multiple choice options

What is causative agent of canine distemper

morbilivirus

2 multiple choice options

Which field diagnostics method can be used for diagnosis of salmonella pullorum

A. PCR
B. Rapid slide agglutination Test
C. ELISA

Rapid slide agglutination test

2 multiple choice options

Canine parvovirus enteritis is characterized by

Diarrhea and vomiting

2 multiple choice options

Principle of virus neutralization test

Detect antibodies able to inhibit the virus replication in vitro. It estimates the AB capacity when mixed with Ag in vitro to neutralise its biological activity

Division of cell cultures according to the way of cultivation

A. Aerobic and Anaerobic cultures
B. Monolayers and Suspension
C. Primary and Secondary cultures

Monolayers and suspension

2 multiple choice options

PCR reagents

Template DNA, nucleotides, Primers (forwards and reverse), DNA polymerase, Reaction buffer

Tularemia name of pathogens

Francisella tularensis tularensis

Francisella tularensis palaeartica

Listeriosis way of transmission

Ingestion

1 multiple choice option

Etiological agent of foot rot

Bacteriodes nodosus

Bacteroides melanino-geneticus

Stages of infetious process

Incubation period - time interval between exposure to etiological agent and appearance of clinical signs

Prodromal period - unspecific signs

Manifestation - specific clinical signs

Final period - Recovery or death

Reservoir for Aujezsky disease

Swine

Way of transmission of rabies

Primarily transmitted through saliva - caused by bite wounds. Or infected saliva entering an open cut or wound or MM.

What is principle of AGID

Agar Gel Immunodiffusion

The basis is the migration of antigen + antibodies from wells in agar gel towards each other through the gel matrix. When the antigen and specific antibodies come in contact, they combine to form a precipitated line in the gel (positive result)

Epizootic process

The biological, dynamic and multifactorial phenomenon based on continuous interaction among animal population, etiological agents and environment

Stages of epizootic process

Inter - epizootic stage (latent stage)

Pre-epizootic stage (awakening) -

Ascending stage - number of affected rapidly increasing

Culimation stage - immunity levels are at minimum and pathogenecity at maximum

Descending stage - immunity increases, nubr sus animals down

Post-epizootic stage - immunity reach max+pathogen lowest

Transmission of FIV

mainly from bites (horisontally) or vertically

Tick encephalitis virus

caused by flavivirus

West nile virus and zika virus

Reservoir in west nile

birds

Tetanus most suspected

clostridium tetani

Blocking ELISa - color or not

color

Division of cell culture of growth methods

natural or synthetic

Bovine viral diarrhea virus - genus

Pestivirus

How does tick cause aborviral disease

arbovirus is able to live inside, multiply and transmitted by their bite

Stain for mycobacterium

Ziehl Neelson

Causative agent of Classical swine fever

Pestivirus, family flaviviridae

Biosafety level 4 is used in which diseases

high risk for aerosol transmisison and where no vaccine or therapy is available

Ebola, Marburg virus, Lassa fever, Monkeypox virus

Causative agent of Rift valley fever

Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae

Cause of enterotoxemia in poultry

Clostridium perfringens

Epidemic disease occurence

Spread in unlimited time, in limited area

2 multiple choice options

Susceptible species for paratuberculosis

All warm blooded mammals

2 multiple choice options

Vesicular stomatitis - causative agent and susceptible species

Vesicular stomatitis virus (Family Rhabdoviridae)

Pigs, cattle, swine, horse, humans

Causative agent of leptospirosis, way of transmission and reservoir species

Leptospirosis interrogans, biflexa

By oral ingestion of urine-contaminated invironment, coitus, bite, transplacental

Reservoir: rodent

The most susceptible species in listeriosis

Sheep

2 multiple choice options

Name at least 3 clinicsl signs indicating secondary immunodeficiency

Reccurent infection

Chronic skin diseases, chronic conjuctivitis

Low blood platelet count, or anemia

Loss of appetite, lethargy

Which enzyme is not part of conventional PCR reaction mix

A. DNA Ligase
B. DNA Polymerase
C. RNA Polymerase

Proof reading DNA polymerase

Ticks are vectors in

West nile

2 multiple choice options

Causative agent of Rift Valley fever and way of transmission

Phlebovirus, transmitted by mosquitoes

Rinderpest is caused by

Morbilivirus

Way of transmission of tularemia

In animals: by ticks

Humans: ticks of following contact with infected animal

Aleutian disease of mink is caused by

Amdovirus ( parvoviral infection)

Botulism is

Alimentary infection

2 multiple choice options

What are forms of infectious process according to its manifestation

Apparent

Inapparent

Latent

Mixed

Hazard in epidemiology is defined as

Set of circumstances that could lead to harm, such as presence of pathogens, onappropriate storing of food, chemicals and electricity...

Descriptive methods in epizootiology is based on

reaveal the etiological agent and their sources and environmental factors in space and time