Epizootology - MCQ + short answer

What is the most common cause of trichophytosis in cattle?

Trichophyton verrucosum

Eosinophilic inclusion in rabies infected nerve cells are called

Negri bodies

In maedi visna, most animals become infected by

Drinking infected colostrum or milk

Causative agent of lockjaw

Clostridium tetanii

Herpesvirus are characterised by

Latency

Lyme disease is usually diagnosied by

Serology

Paratuberculosis is

A chronic disease, caused by Mycobacterium Avium subspecies. paratuberculosis, characterised by hypertrophic enteritis.

Scrapie is detected by

Western blot

Q-fever:

Is a zoonosis (infects rum and occasionally humans)

2 multiple choice options

Laboratory diagnosis of Feline Leukaemia Virus infection

P27 antigen (rapid blood test)

Clinical manifestation of maedi sisna

Respiratory and neurological signs

2 multiple choice options

Campylobacteriosis

Is a zoonosis

Oral vaccination of boars is performed to prevent

Classical swine fever

Causative agent of fowl typhoid?

Salmonella gallinarum

Dumb form of rabies is chacterized by

Paralysis

Leptospira spp.

survives in wet conditions

Main clinical signs of strangles are

Abscesses in the lymph nodes of the head and neck, yellow colored nasal discharge, contagious of upper respiratory tract

Diagnostic of enzootic bovine leukosis is based on

Lymphosarcoma findings, serology and PCR detection of the viral RNA and proviral DNA

What is the most common isolated bacterial pathogens from digestive tract of horses?

E.coli, Rhodococcus equi, Salmonella spp., Clostridium spp., Bacteriodes spp.

Equine infectious anemia

Caused by a retrovirus, mostly transmitted by biting intects (horse flies etc.)

Outcomes of Feline leukaemia virus infection are:

Progressive, regressive and abortive infection

Causativa agent of rabies is

Lyssavirus

Borreliosis is

A tick borne disease

Lympy skin disease (LSD) is caused by

Capripoxvirus

For the detection of canine parvovirus 2 in clinical practive we use:

ELISA for detection of antibodies

What is the sample for detection of the causative agent of paratuberculosis

Faeces

OIE is

World organisation for animal health

Natural foci are limited

Seasonally and geographically

2 multiple choice options

Ruminants are born

Agamaglobulinaemic

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Cyclozoonoses require

More than one vertebrate host

2 multiple choice options

Synthetic immunomodulators are

Levamizole, isoprinosine

2 multiple choice options

Source of infection is

Macroorganism, in which etiological agent survives, multiplies and is excreted

2 multiple choice options

WHO is

World Health Organization

Positive result in haemagglutination inhibition test

Sedimentation of erythrocytes

2 multiple choice options

Which medium is used for cultivation of fungi

Sabourads agar

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CAMP test is used for detection of

Streptococcus agalactiae

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For detection of antibodies we use

Competitive ELISA

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PCR is used for

Detection of etiological agents nucleic acid

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Golden standard for the detection of the rabies virus

Immunofluorescence

2 multiple choice options

Which fieald diagnostic method can be used for diagnosis of salmonella pullorum

Rapid slide agglutination test

2 multiple choice options

Trichophytosis (Ringworm) mostly occur in

Autumn and winter

2 multiple choice options

Tularemia is

Caused by Francisella tularensis, and characterised by natural focality

2 multiple choice options

Most common clinical signs in Feline immunodeficiency virus infection are

Anaemia, immunosuppression and lymphoma associated signs

Porcine enzootic pneumonia is caused by

Mycoplasma hypopneumoniae

2 multiple choice options

What is the minimum level of antibodies that correlates with protection against rabies

0.5 IU

2 multiple choice options

What are the main clinical signs of acute mastitis

Redness, swelling, fever, pain, dysfunction

2 multiple choice options

Divisjon of cell cultures according to the way of cultivation

Monolayers and suspension

2 multiple choice options

Post-epizootic means

The lowest degree of epizootic disease / intensity

2 multiple choice options

Basic components of natural focus of infection are

Etiological agent, donor, vector, recipient, environment

2 multiple choice options

Tricomponental foci of infections are divided into

Vector, interhostal, postinterhostal

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Pathogenous transmission accordint its multiplication is divided into

Propagative, cyclometamorphic, cyclopropagative

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Therapy is prohibited in

Foot and mouth disease

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Anthropozoonosis

Primary occur in animals and can be transmitted to human

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Clinical signs of avian leucosis are

Enlarged bursa, diffuse and nodular lymphoid tumors in organs

2 multiple choice options

Which diseases are caused by prions

Ceruzfeld Jacob´s disease, Scrapie, Chronic wasting disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy

2 multiple choice options

Maedi Visna

is caused by a retrovirus and affects sheep, occasionally goats

2 multiple choice options

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia is caused by

Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides

2 multiple choice options

Rabies virus is

Neurotropic

2 multiple choice options

Source of paratuberculosis is

Feces of infected animals

2 multiple choice options

Most common localization of ringworm lesions

Around eyes, head and neck

2 multiple choice options

What is the sample for the detection of foot and mouth disease virus

Vesicle

2 multiple choice options

Mucosal disease is associated with

Bovine viral diarrhea virus infection

2 multiple choice options

What are the most common isolated bacterial pathogens from the digestive tract of dogs

Eschericia coli, Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica

2 multiple choice options

What are the most common bacterial agent of the digestive tract of cattle

Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Clostridium spp., Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis

2 multiple choice options

Field diagnosis of mastitis

California mastitis test, determination of pH

Paratuberculosis is

A chronic disease, caused by Mycobacterium Avium subsp. paratuberculosis, characterized by hypertrophic enteritis

Differential diagnosis of foot and mouth diseases:

Vesicular disease, vesicular stomtatitis and vesicular exanthema

The sample for diagnosis of prion disease

Blood and brain

Leptospira spp. can be transmitted through

bite wounds, ingestion and intact skin

In dogs, leptospirosis can be prevented by

vaccination

Etiological agent of strangles

Streptococvus equi subspecies equi

African swine fever is caused by

Asfavirus

What is the sample for virological detection of the foot and mouth disease

Vesicle fluid

Which diagnostic methods do we include in the laboratory examination of bovine mastitis?

What are the most common viral pathogens in the digestive tract of cattle

Bovine corona virus, BVDV, Rotavirus type A

Tularemia in cattle is characterized by

Inapparent course and abortions

Rabies epidemiological cycles are

Urban and sylvatic

Most feline immunodeficiency virus infections are acquired by

bites

Myxomatosis is caused by

Leporipoxvirus

What are the most common viral causes of dog diarrhoea

Canine parvovirus, Canine coronavirus

For detection of leptospiral antibodies we mostly use

Immunofluorescence

West Nile virus

is a zoonotic agent

2 multiple choice options

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia is caused by

Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. Mycoides

2 multiple choice options

What are the most common isolated bacterial pathogens from the digestive tract of pigs

Escherichia coli (ETEC, EHEC, EPEC, VTEC), Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., Clostridium spp., Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

Definition of epizootiology

The science which studies origin, frequency, distribution, devenelopment and extinction of animal health and disease at population level

Based on their analyses defines - methods for creation of protection, improvement and recovery of collective health, reducing, eliminating and eradiating common diseases

What is epizootic triad?

Agent, Host, environment

1. Agent - infectious or non infectious, may be part of natural flora or penetrate host. The occurence of disease depend on pathogenicity and virulence of the agent.

2. Host - is influenced by age, sex, breed, nutrition, behavior etc.

3. Environment - climate, bedding, hygien etc. influece etiological agent in positive or negative way

What are the objectives of epizootiology

1. To create actively disease-free animal populations

2. To protect infectious diseased free populations against the introduction. of these diseases

3. To protect non-infectious diseased free populations against etiological agents and factors causing diseases

4. To protect human populations against the disease transmissible from animals

5. To reduce, eliminate and finally eradicate mass diseases of animals

6. To improve and recover animal population health

What are the methods of epizootiology

1. Diagnostics method - reveal etiological agent and their sources, and environmental factors influencing

2. Descriptive methods - diagnostic results are collected, compiled and processed

3. Analytical methods - Evaluation of epizootiological situation, decision of strategy, programmes and measures

4. Statistical methods - calculations and principles of probability, epizootiological indicators

5. Experimental methods - confirm epizootiological hypotheses and development of new methods of testing

6. Theoretical methods - Generalise the finding and practical experience

Deine epizootic process and its stages

Epizootic process is the biological, dynamic and multifactorial phenomenon based on the continuous interaction among animal population, aetiological agents and environment

Stages:

1. Inter-epizootic stage (latent stage)

2. Pre-epizootic stage (awakening period)

3. Ascending stage

4. Culmination stage

5. Descending stage

6. Post-epizootic stage

Grades of epizootic process

1. Sporadic - occurs irregularly

2. Enzootic - specific disease is continuously present in a given population or geographical area during longer time period

3. Epizootic - occurs in a population or region in excess of normal expectancy

4. Panzootic - process occuring over a very wide area and affecting a large proportion of the population

Define pre-epizootic process

Population specific immunity is reduced (no. of susceptible animal increases, thus pathogenicity of agent is at its highest)

Define panzootic process

Process occuring over a very wide area and affecting large proportions of the population

What does infection process require?

1. Presence of pathogenic microbe

2. Way of shedding from the source of etiological agents to next susceptible macroorganism

3. Presence of susceptible macroorganism

Stages of infectious process

1. Incubation period - time interval between exposure to etiological agent and appearance of clinical signs

2. Prodromal period - unspecific signs of infection

3. Manifestation period - specific clinical signs

4. Final period - recovery or death

Forms of infectious process according to its duration

1. Peracute - within a very short time - first clinical signs - animal dies (hours or few days)

2. Acute - clinical sign last from few days to two weeks

3. Subacute - Clinical signs last two weeks up to 1 month

4. Subchronic - clinical signs last few months

5. Chronic - clinical signs last many months

Forms of infectious process according its manifestation

Apparent - apparent clinical signs

Abortive - clinical signs appear and disappear

Inapparent - carriers without clinical signs (HIV)

Latent - no clinical signs and cannot transmit disease (Herpes)

Sources of etiological agents

Recently infected individuals - animal harbors etiological agent with manifested disease or inapparent infection, animal may or not transmit

Carrier animals - animals with inapparent infections which are transmitters and potential transmittors of the agent

Intermediate host and vectors

The environment

Primary source - the etiological agent both survive and multiply

Secondary source - etiological agent survive but not multiply

Division of etiological agent according to their tropism - with example

Monotropic - tropisms for one organ or system e.g. Influenza (respiratory)

Polytropic - tropisms for more organs and system e.g. Leptospirosis (kidney, liver)

Pantropic - multiple sites in organism e.g anthrax - destroy everything

Pathogenicity and tropism of agent

Pathogenicity - genetic ability of microbe to cause infectious process in susceptible macroorganisms

• depends on ability to survive, capability to enter and multiply etc.

Obligatory - always after penetration to susceptible macroorganism can cause infectious disease

Facultative - survive like commensal and only under some conditions can cause disease

Apathogenic - are not able to cause infectious disease

Routes of transmission

Alimentary tract

Respiratory tract

Skin - through damaged or undamaged skin

Urogenital tract

Mammary gland - lactogenic infection

Conjuctiva

Umbilical infection

Accidental entry