chapter 3 test review terms- US1HH

Lower house (colonial assembly)

made up of representatives elected by free men who owned property, served as the legislative branch in the American colonies.

Upper house (council)

aka governors council. responsible for advising the governor, consenting to certain executive decisions, and sometimes reviewing legislation. 

Board of Trade

 an advisory body for colonial affairs and trade, established in 1696.

Mercantilism

an economic system from the 16th to 18th centuries where the government regulated trade to increase national wealth and power through favorable balance of trade.

Favorable balance of trade

occurs when a country's exports exceed its import, resulting in a trade surplus.

Navigation Acts

enacted from 1651 to 1696 to regulate colonial trade and make English or colonial ships, forced certain goods to pass through England first, and aimed to benefit the English economy by increasing customs revenue and limiting foreign competition.

Wool, Hat, Iron Acts

designed to restrict colonial manufacturing and economic growth to benefit Britain. Prevented colonies from exporting certain woolens and hats and limited their ability to develop iron, ensuring they remained a source of raw materials for Great Britain and a market for its finished goods. 

Triangular Trade

hree-legged shipping route connecting Europe, Africa and the Americas, built on a system of exchanging manufactured goods, enslaved, and raw materials.

Great Awakening

a series of religious revivals in 18th century America that emphasized a personal and emotional conversion experience. Led by jonothan edwards and george whitefield. Challenged church hierarchies, fostered a new sense of shared American identity, and promoted democratic ideals. Led to new denominations.

George Whitefield

influential 18th century anglican evangelist and a key leader of the methodist movement and the great awakening revival in both Britain and America. Known for his powerful preaching.

Jonathan Edwards

prominent 18th century american theologian, philosopher, and congregationalist minister known for his leadership during the great awakening. Famous for his powerful sermons “sinners in the hands of an angry god”

Ben Franklin

the great awakening inspired his 1754 Albany plan, which called for unity. Invented lightning rod, stove, bifocal spectacles. Served in PA assembly 1751-1764. Founded a circulation library, helped PA build the first hospital.

Ohio River Valley

geographic region in the eastern US surrounding the Ohio River. Known for its fertile land, rich history and strategic importance. Major point of conflict between European powers like France and Britain due to its value for trade and expansion.

Albany Plan of Union

a 1754 proposal, primarily drafted by ben franklin, to create a unified government for the thirteen colonies under a president-general appointed by the British crown and a grand council of representatives from the colonies.

General Braddock

British major general who led an unsuccessful campaign to capture ft. duquesne from the french during the french and indian war. Commanded British and colonial forces in 1755. Noted for his long military career.

Treaty of Paris

signed between us and british representatives on september 3, 1783, ending the war of the american revolution. Recognized us independence and granted us significant western territory.

Pontiac

 aka odawa war chief known for his role in the war named for him, 1763-1766 leading native americans in an armed struggle against the british in the great lakes region due to, among other reasons, dissatisfaction with British policies. 

Virtual Representation

an idea developed in the British colonial period that said members elected to parliament represented the whole British empire, not specific people or geographic locations. Rejected by the Americans that sought to be represented by their geographic location. 

Boston Massacre

3/5/1770, 7 British soldiers fired into a crowd of volatile Bostonians, killing five, wounding another six, and angering the entire colony.

Boston Tea Party

12/16/1773, 340 chests of tea were destroyed in Boston harbor. One of the key events in the lead up to the American Revolution and American independence.

First Continental Congress

convened in carpenters hall in philly, pa, between september 5 and october 26, 1774.