PSIO Lab 1A & 1B

What two lobes make up the pituitary gland? What are they made of?

Posterior pituitary (embryonic tissue)

Anterior pituitary (glandular tissue)

What are the major hormones of the posterior pituitary gland?

1. Oxytocin

2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

What does oxytocin target, and what are its effects?

• Uterus, mammary glands

• Uterine contraction and milk ejection

What do antidiuretic hormones (ADH) target, and what are their effects?

• Kidneys

• Water reabsorption

What are the major hormones of the anterior pituitary gland?

1. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

2. Luteinizing hormone (LH)

3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

4. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

5. Prolactin (PRL)

6. Growth hormone (GH)

7. *Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone

(think FLAT PiGM)

What do follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH) target, and what are their effects?

• Gonads (testes & ovaries)

  • Female: Growth of ovarian follicles and estrogen secretion

  • Male: Sperm production

What do luteinizing hormones (LH) target, and what are their effects?

• Gonads (testes & ovaries)

  • Female: ovulation, maintenance of corpus luteum

  • Male: testosterone secretion

What do adrenocorticoid hormones do/target?

Target: kidneys

Do: produce and release glucocorticoids

What do thryoid-stimulating hormones (TSH) target, and what are their effects?

Thyroid gland

• Thyroid hormone production and release

What does prolactin (PRL) target, and what are its effects?

Mammary glands

• Milk production

What do growth hormones (GH) target, and what are their effects?

• Most body tissues

• Growth of tissues, blood sugar regulation

Where can you find the thyroid?

Anterior aspect of the larynx

What connects the right and left lobe of the thyroid?

Isthmus

What is the thyroid gland composed of?

Follicles: round structures where thyroid hormones are synthesized and released

What substance are found in the follicles? What is it rich in?

Colloid; iodine

Thryoxine is produced by the thyroid (as well as triiodothyronine and calcitonin). What does it do?

Targets: most body cells, increases metabolism

Where can you find the parathyroid glands?

Posterior aspect of the thyroid gland

Where can you find adrenal glands?

Superior aspect of each kidney

What are the two distinct regions of the adrenal glands?

1. Outer adrenal cortex

2. Inner adrenal medulla

List the layers of the adrenal cortex from superficial to deep

Zona glomerulosa

Zona fasciculata

Zona reticularis

(Adrenal Medulla)

What are the functions of the adrenal cortex layers?

Glomerulosa: Outermost, secretes aldosterone (H2O + sugar absorption)

Fasiculata: Secretes cortisol

Reticularis: Secretes androgens (s3x hormones)

What is the function of the adrenal medulla?

Composed of nervous tissue

• Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine

Where can you find the pancreas?

Posterior to the stomach

What are the functions of the pancreas?

Exocrine: Synthesizing digestive juices secreted into the small intestine

Endocrine: secretes insulin (decrease blood glucose) and glucagon (increase blood glucose) through pancreatic islets

Label this diagram of the pancreas

What is the function of the gonads?

Male testes: produce sperm, secrete testosterone

Female ovaries: produce oocytes, secrete estrogen and progesterone

How can you identify the pituitary gland on a slide?

Identifying acidophils, basophils, and capillaries

How can you identify the thyroid gland on a slide?

Identify follicles, colloid, and follicular cells (?)

How can you identify the parathyroid gland on a slide?

chief cells..?

How can you identify the adrenal glands on a slide?

(adrenal cortex)

Zona glomerulosa

Zona fasciata

Zona reticularis

(adrenal medulla)

How can you identify the pancreas on a slide?

pancreatic islets

How can you identify an ovary on a slide?

How can you identify a testis on a slide?

Where is the heart located?

In between the lungs in the mediastinum

What membrane separates the heart from other mediastinal structures?

The pericardium

What are the two layers of the pericardium?

Outer fibrous pericardium

Inner serous pericardium

What are the two layers of the inner serous pericardium?

1. Parietal pericardium

2. Visceral pericardium/epicardium

List the layers of the internal heart from superficial to deep

Epicardium (outermost layer of the external heart)

Myocardium

Endocardium

What is the myocardium made up of?

Cardiac muscle cells

• collagenous fibers

• blood vessels

Which valve sits in between the right atrium and the right ventricle?

Tricuspid valve

What are the flaps of a valve connected to?

Connected by chordae tendinae, which connect to papillary muscles to anchor them to the heart walls

True or false: There are no papillary muscles or chordae tendinae associated with the pulmonary valve

True

Which valve sits between the left atrium and the left ventricle?

Mitral valve

**Which blood vessels carry blood TOWARD the heart?

Veins

**Which blood vessels carry blood AWAY FROM the heart?

arteries

What is the function of coronary arteries?

To supply blood to the myocardium (first portion of the aorta)

Describe the function of the coronary vein, coronary sulcus, and coronary sinus

Coronary vein drains the heart of deoxygenated blood, goes through gas exchange, then comes back along the coronary sulcus/sinus

Systole

Contraction

Diastole

Relaxation

End-Diastolic Volume (EDV)

Volume of blood in ventricle before ejection

Diastole

Relaxation

Cardiac Output

Blood output per min

Stroke volume

Volume of blood pumped out per systole

End-systolic volume (ESV)

Volume of blood left in ventricle after systole

Tachycardia

Abnormally fast heart rate

Bradycardia

Abnormally slow heart rate

Describe the conduction system of the heart, listing the structures in order.

1. Sinoatrial node (SA)

2. Atrioventricular node (AV)

3. AV Bundle of His (down the interventricular septum)

4. Left/Right bundle (at the apex)

5. Purkinje fibers

What produces the P-wave?

Atrial depolarization

What produces the QRS complex?

Ventricular depolarization; atrial repolarization

What produces the T wave?

Ventricular repolarization

Describe the heart’s Mechanical Activity

1. Atrial systole (atrial muscles contract)

2. Early ventricular systole (ventricle muscles contract)

3. Late ventricular systole (blood passes through pulmonary/aortic valve)

4. Early ventricular diastole (blood refills atria)

5. Late ventricular diastole (blood begins leaking into ventricles)

what makes the “lub” and “dub” sound of your heart beat?

lub: closure of atrioventricular values

dub: closure of pulmonary valves

Where is the brachiocephalic trunk?

The first branch (on the right) of the aorta

What is the “hole” in a fetus/baby’s heart called? What does it turn into?

Foramen ovale; fossa ovalis

What attaches the aorta to the pulmonary artery? What was it called as a fetus?

Ligamentum arteriosum; ductus arteriosus

what hormone does thymus release? what does it do?

Thymosin; promotes T-cell maturation