Anatomy and Physiology - McGraw Hill (Chapter 1)

Organization

Complex structure and order

Metabolism

Sum of all chemical reactions in the body

Anabolism

Small molecules joined to form larger ones

Catabolism

Large molecules broken down into smaller ones

Responsiveness

Ability to sense and react to stimuli

Regulation

Ability to adjust internal bodily function to accommodate environment changes

Reproduction

Needed for maintenance, growth and repair

Chemical

Atoms and molecules

Atoms

Smallest unit of matter

Molecule

Two or more atoms bonded together

Cellular

Cell

Tissue

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

Epithelial tissue

Covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways, forms glands

Connective tissue

Protects, supports, and binds structures and organs

Muscle tissue

Movement

Nervous tissue

Nerve impulses for communication

Organ

Two or more tissues working together

Organ system level

Multiple organs working together

Integumentary system

Protects against environmental hazards; helps control body temperature

Skeletal system

Physical foundation of the body; site of hematopoiesis ; stores calcium and phosphorus

Muscular System

Responsible for the movement of the human body

Nervous system

Regulates movement and posture

Endocrine system

Consists of glands that control many of the body's activities by producing hormones

Cardiovascular system

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, and hormones

Lymphatic system

Transportation of fluids, lymphocyte production, body defense

Respiratory system

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH. Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages.

Urinary system

Filters the blood and removes waste products from the blood, concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body

Digestive system

Mechanically and chemically digests food materials, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products

Reproductive system

Reproduce offspring- produce male sex cells (sperm) and female sex cells (oocytes)

Supine

Lying down, facing upward

Anatomical position

A standard position in which the body is facing forward, the feet are parallel to each other, and the arms are at the sides with the palms facing forward

Section

Cut or slice through a structure

Plane

Imaginary flat surface passing through the body

Coronal plane

An imaginary plane where the body is cut into front and back parts (Anterior and posterior)

Transverse plane

Horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions (Superior and inferior)

Midsagittal plane

Divides the body into equal right and left sides

Sagittal plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts

Parasagittal plane

Divides body into unequal right and left sides

Oblique plane

A minor plane that passes through the specimen at an angle

Anterior

Front of the body

Posterior

Back of body

Dorsal

Toward the back of the body

Ventral

Toward the belly

Superior

Closer to the head ; going up

Inferior

Closer to the feet ; going down

Cranial

Toward the head

Caudal

Towards the rear or tail end

Rostral

Towards the nose or mouth

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Ipsilateral

On the same side of the body

Contralateral

On the opposite side of the body

Deep

Away from the body surface; more internal

Superficial

On or near the surface; concerned with or understanding only what is on the surface, shallow

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Axial region

Head, neck, trunk

Appendicular region

Upper and lower limbs

Cephalic region

Head

Frontal

Forehead

Orbital

Eye

Nasal

Nose

Buccal

Cheek

Oral

Mouth

Mental

Chin

Thoracic region

Chest area

Axillary

Armpit

Mammary

Breast

Pectoral

Chest

Sternal

Sternum

Abdominal region

Abdomen

Pelvic region

Pelvis

Coxal

Hip

Inguinal

Groin

Cervical

Neck

Deltoid

Shoulder

Brachial

Arm

Antecubital

Front of elbow

Olecranal

Elbow

Antebrachial

Forearm

Carpal

Wrist

Dorsum

Back of hand

Manus

Hand

Palmar

Palm

Digital

Fingers, toes

Femoral

Thigh

Patellar

Kneecap

Popliteal

Posterior of the knee

Crural

Leg

Sural

Calf

Calcaneal

Heel

Plantar surface

Sole of the foot

Tarsal

Ankle

Dorsum of the foot

Back of foot

Cranial

Surrounding the brain

Occipital

Back of head

Auricular

Ear

Vertebral

Spinal column

Lumbar

Lower back

Sacral

Between hips