Ch. 43 Blood Plasma Proteins, Coagulation, and Fibrinolysis

What percentage of blood is made up of plasma?

55%

What percentage of blood is made up of cells?

45%

What makes up plasma in blood?

Water (90%)
Inorganic Substances (0.9%)
Organic Substances (9.1%)
Gases

What makes up the inorganic substances of plasma?

Cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+)
Anions (Cl-, HCO3-, PO43-, SO42-)

What makes up the organic substances of plasma?

Proteins (albumin & globulin)
Lipids (cholesterol, triacylglycerides, phospholipids)
Glucose
Amino Acids
Vitamins

What gases are present in plasma?

O2 and CO2

What proteins are in the plasma?

Albumin (small, numerous)
Globulin (large, less numerous)

What are the different types of globulin proteins?

α-globulin (α1: A1AT, α2: Angiotenogen)
β-globulin (coagulation factors, transferrin)
γ-globulin (antibodies)

Serum

remaining plasma after coagulation

Anticoagulants are NOT needed for separation
Takes longer time to prepare "needs standing time"

What does serum NOT contain?

no clotting factors or fibrinogen

Can Serum clot?

No

Plasma

blood without the blood cells

Anticoagulants are needed for separation
Shorter time to prepare ("no need for standing")

Can plasma clot?

Yes

What does plasma NOT contain?

blood cells

Plasma makes up what percentage of the body's total extracellular fluid?

~25%

What is the function of plasma?

Maintain proper distribution of water between the blood and the tissues
Transport nutrients, metabolites, and hormones throughout the body
Defend against infections
Maintain the integrity of the circulation through clotting

Starling Forces

the net flow of fluid across a semipermeable membranes; describes the balance between hydrostatic pressure, capillary pressure, interstitial pressure, and osmotic pressure

Hydrostatic pressure _, osmotic pressure ____.

A. Pushes
B. Pulls

A. Pushes; B. Pulls

What does hydrostatic pressure depend on?

the volume of fluid plasma "blood"

What does osmotic (oncotic) pressure depend on?

the number of osmotically active particles in the fluid
"albumin in the plasma blood"

What contributes 70%-80% of the total osmotic pressure due to is relatively small size?

Albumin

Albumin

a glycoprotein that carries free fatty acids, calcium, zinc, steroid hormones, copper, and bilirubin

Immunoglobulins

Bind antigens at binding sites formed by the hypervariable regions of the proteins

Immunoglobulins are secreted by what?

a subset of differentiated B-lymphocytes termed plasma cells

Complement System

made up of about 20 distinct plasma proteins that react with one another to opsonize pathogens and induce a series of inflammatory responses that help to fight infection

Platelets are synthesized from what?

megakaryocytes in the bone marrow

What plasma proteins limit proteolytic damage by inactivating proteases through the formation of non-covalent complexes with them?

α1-antiproteinase (α1-antitrypsin) and α2-macroglobulin

What inactivates the protease inhibitors to ensure that proteases are active at the site of infection?

HOCl

Plasma Membrane

Cytoplasm

What are the types of granules in platelets?

What do the electron-dense granules contain?

What do the α-granules contain?

What do lysosomal granules contain?

What occurs during the adhesion step of platelet activation?

Hemostasis

prevention of blood loss

What are the steps of hemostasis?

What coagulation factor works on fibrinogen?

factor I

What coagulation factor works on prothrombin?

factor II

What coagulation factor acts on fibrin stabilizing factor?

Factor XIII

Intrinsic Pathway

E

Extrinsic Pathway

The proenzymes involved in the blood coagulation cascade are what type of proteases?

What are examples of the proenzymes involved in the blood coagulation cascade?

What tissue factors serve as binding sites for other factors in the blood coagulation cascade?