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Hinduism
world's oldest religions,
Began in India
dharma (duty/ethics)
karma (action and consequence)
moksha (liberation from the cycle of rebirth)
Influenced South Asian societal norms, political structures
Groundwork for Buddhism and Jainism
Judaism
monotheistic religion
Hebrew Bible (Tanakh)
covenant between God and the Jewish people
following God's laws (Torah)
chosen people
ethical and legal traditions influenced Western civilization
Influenced Christianity and Islam
Introduced monotheism
Buddhism
founded by Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)
6th century BCE
Four Noble Truths
Eightfold Path
achieve enlightenment (nirvana)
Spread in Asia and influenced cultures, philosophies, and political systems
development of meditation practices
transmission of ideas along the Silk Road
Confucius
Kong Fuzi
551-479 BCE
Chinese philosopher
Taught morality, social relationships, and justice
Analect
Confucianism foundation of Chinese social and political life
hierarchical relationships
importance of education and family
influenced East Asian cultures for centuries.
Daoism
founded by Laozi
living in harmony with the Dao (the Way)
Dao is the source of all existence
medicine, art, and politics.
alternative to Confucianism
natural order and simplicity
Christianity
monotheistic
life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth
Jesus as the Son of God and savior of humanity
dominant religion in the Roman Empire
later Europe
Shaped Western civilization's philosophy, art, law, and politics
Crucial in spread of Western culture globally
Islam
monotheistic religion
founded by Prophet Muhammad
7th century CE
Five Pillars of Islam
Quran: holy book
expanded across the Middle East, North Africa, and beyond
influenced societies legal systems, sciences, arts, and trade networks.
role in preserving and transmitting knowledge.
Patriarchy
men hold primary power
men dominate political leadership, moral authority, social privilege, and control of property
affect family dynamics, legal systems, and gender roles
Agricultural Revolution
“Neolithic Revolution”
10,000 BCE
Transition from hunting and gathering to farming and settled life
population growth
development of cities
rise of civilizations
social and technological changes
Teotihuacan
large Mesoamerican city
Valley of Mexico
100 BCE and 650 CE
massive pyramids
complex urban planning
influenced the region's culture, trade, and politics
model for later Mesoamerican civilizations like the Aztecs.
Mayans
Mesoamerican culture
advanced writing system
mathematics
astronomy
monumental architecture
2000 BCE to 1500 CE
contributions to knowledge
calendar systems
hieroglyphic writing
Silk Road
network of trade routes
Connected China with the Mediterranean
facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and culture
130 BCE to 1450s CE
enabled cross-cultural interactions and economic ties between East and West
spread technologies, religions, and commodities
Indian Ocean Trade
Connected Southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and East Africa,
enabled the exchange of goods, cultures, and ideas
Lasted until 1500s
facilitated the spread of religions (Islam and Buddhism)
facilitated the exchange of goods (spices and textiles)
cultural and technological exchanges
(Trans) Saharan Trade
exchange of goods across the Sahara Desert
linked West Africa with North Africa and the Mediterranean
facilitated spread of Islam into West Africa
Facilitated the exchange of gold, salt, and other goods
rise of powerful West African empires (Mali and Ghana)
City-state
independent, self-governing city
governs the surrounding territory
Ex. ancient Greek city-states (Athens and Sparta)
crucial in the political development of regions (ancient Greece and Mesopotamia)
influenced democratic practices and urban planning
Mandate of Heaven
ancient Chinese philosophical concept
granted emperors the right to rule based on their virtue and ability to govern well
justified the legitimacy of rulers and dynasties
framework for political stability
justified rebellion against corrupt or ineffective rulers
influenced the dynastic cycle in Chinese history
Qin
221-206 BCE
first imperial dynasty of China
Founded by Qin Shi Huang
unified China
initiated significant legal, economic, and infrastructural reforms
laid the foundation for future Chinese governance
achievements: Great Wall, Terracotta Army
Han
206 BCE - 220 CE
succeeded the Qin
golden age
expanded the empire
developed a strong bureaucracy
promoted Confucianism
contributions to governance, culture, and technology had a lasting impact on Chinese civilization
facilitated trade along the Silk Road, enhancing cultural exchanges
Persian Empire
Achaemenid Empire
550-330 BCE
Southwest Asia
founded by Cyrus the Great
administrative efficiency
road systems
tolerance of diverse cultures
administrative practices and infrastructure influenced subsequent empires
Greece
comprised of city-states
contributions to philosophy, politics, arts, and sciences
Key periods: Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic eras
philosophy, democracy, art, and science influenced Western civilization
culture and ideas were spread by Alexander the Great's conquests
Roman Empire
27 BCE - 476 CE
succeeded Roman Republic
encompassed much of Europe, the Mediterranean, parts of the Middle East and Africa.
legal system, engineering, and military prowess
political and legal systems, cultural achievements, and infrastructure impacted Western civilization
Known for modern law, government, and architecture.
Byzantine Empire
330-1453 CE
eastern continuation of Roman Empire, with
capital at Constantinople
preserved Roman law and Christian traditions
Still developed its distinct culture
bridge between ancient and medieval Europe
preserved classical knowledge and Christian traditions
art, architecture, and legal codes influenced eastern Europe and the Orthodox Christian world