AMSCO AP world history unit 4 vocab

Cartography

mapmaking

Primogeniture laws

gave all of each estate to the eldest son

Omani-European Rivalry

Rivalry between the omani and the Europeans in the Indian Ocean; was one reason for Christopher Columbus's search for a new route to India

Maritime Empires

empires based on sea travel

Astronomical chart

any map of the stars and galaxies

Christopher Columbus

European explorer whose voyage was sponsored by Spain credited with "discovering the New World"

Mercantilism

increasing the country's wealth by buying as little as possible from other countries; increased government control of the economy through high tariffs and the establishment of colonies

economic policy which emphasize maximizing exports while minimizing imports for an economy.

Prince Henry the Navigator

first European monarch to sponsor seafaring expeditions to search for an all-water route to the east as well as for African gold

Bartholomew Diaz

Portuguese explorer who sailed around the southern tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope in 1488

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer who sailed around Africa to India and claimed territory as part of Portugal's empire

trading post empire

empore based on small outposts rather than control of large territories

Ferdinand Magellan

Spanish explorer who was the first to circumnavigate the globe although he died on the voyage

Manila

became a Spanish commercial center in the area, attracting Chinese merchants and others

Galleons

heavily armed Spanish ships

Jacques Cartier

French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France

Samuel Champlain

established the French settlement of Quebec

Quebec

a town and trading post in North America set up by the French

New France

French colony in North America

John Cabot

looked for a northwest passage; claimed lands from Newfoundland south to the Chesapeake Bay for the English

Jamestown

England's first successful colony in the Americas; one of the earliest colonies in what would become the US

Henry Hudson

Dutch explorer who sailed the Hudson River to see if it would lead to Asia; settled in New Amsternam

New Amsterdam

Dutch settlement in what is now New York City; prospered like many port towns because it was located where a major river flowed into the ocean

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Conquistadors

Spanish soldiers

Smallpox

pathogens spread through the respiratory system that killed a majority of the native population

horse

transformed the culture of the American Indians living in the Plains region

Maize

corn originating in america and was brought to Europe

Cacao

Chocolate beans; was brought to Europe from the americas

Okra

vegetable brought to the americas from Africa

Rice

a grain brought to the americas from Africa

Sugarcane

grown in Brazil using slavery

Transatlantic Slave Trade

Trading of slaves from Africa to the Americas

Engenhos

means engine in Portuguese; Sugar plantations

cash crop

farm crop raised to be sold for money

African Diaspora

Dispersion of Africans out of Africa

creole

new languages that combined European colonizers' languages with parts of their West African languages and grammatical patterns

Gumbo

dish popular in southern US with roots in African cooking

Indentured Servitude

servants contracted to work for a specified period of years in exchange for passage

Chattel Slavery

a system in which individuals were considered as property to be bought and sold

Asante Empire

African empire established along the Gold Coast among Akan people

Kingdom of Kongo

an African kingdom located in west central Africa

Ming Dynasty

limited outside influence on China by restricting trade

Aztec Empire

Empire in Mexico that collapsed when the Europeans and their diseases attacked

Inca Empire

Empire in south America that collapsed when the Europeans and their diseases attacked

New Spain

new colony that Cortes established after they overthrew the Aztecs

Mexico City

Capital of New Spain; built on ruins of Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.

Atahualpa

Inca ruler that was captured for ransom and then killed

Treaty of Tordesillas

Spain and Portugal divided the Americas between them

Hispaniola

the name given to the island now occupied by Haiti and the Dominican Republic; Columbus was convinced that it had gold

Encomienda System

A system that allowed Spanish settlers to tax or force work on natives in exchange for protection

Encomenderos

spanish land owners

Coercive Labor System

land owners compelled indigenous people to work for them in exchange for food and shelter; notorious for its brutality

Hacienda system

developed when landowners developed agriculture on their lands; labors worked the fields for the land owners

Silver

became the domanant force in the market

Mit'a system

used by the Incas as a labor obligation where young men did labor for public projects; was turned into a coerced labor system by the Spanish authorites

Colonies

claimed lands settled by immigrants from the home country

the Middle Passage

the grueling journey across the Atlantic for the slaves

Capital

material wealth available to produce more wealth

Commercial Revolution

the transformation to a trade-based economy using gold and silver

Price Revolution

the high rate of inflation in the 16th and early 17th century

Joint-Stock companies

companies owned by investors who bought stock or shares in them

Limited Liability

the principle that an investor was not responsible for a company's debts or other liabilites beyond the amount of an investment; made investing safer

British East India Company

A joint stock company owned by the british in 1600

Dutch East India Company

a joint stock company owned by the dutch in 1602

Triangular Trade

three segmented voyages across the Atlantic for trading goods and slaves

Monopolies

Companies that control all production of a good or service; used by Europeons

Dahomey and Oyo

African societies that conducted slave raids and became richer from slave trade with Europeans

Polygyny

the taking of more than one wife

Viceroys

Appointed by Spanish royalty to act as administrators and representatives of the Spanish crown

Audiencias

royal courts where spanish settlers could appeal viceoys' decisions or policies

Creoles

those born in America of Spanish origin

Syncretism

the combining of different religions beliefs and practices

Santeria

"way of the saints" Originally an African faith that became popular in Cuba then traveled throughout Latin America and to North America

Vodun

"Spirit" or "deity" originated in the African people of Dahomey, Kongo, and Yoruba

Candomblé

"dance to honor the gods" combination of Yoruba, Fon, and Bantu from different parts of Africa and developed in Brazil

Virgin of Guadalupe

Revered for her ability to perform miracles; developed a cult in Mexico

Metacom's War

also called King Philip's war; was in part a result of Englsih colonists using underhanded tactics in their continuing pressure to control Native American lands; the final major effort of the indigenous people to drive the British from New England

Ana Nzinga

became the ruler of Ndongo

Ndongo

in south-central Africa

Matamba

state taken over by Nzinga and her people fleeding west

Black Sea

near where peasants who where skilled fighters lived

Steppes

treeless plains; where the skilled peasant fighters lived

Yemelyan Pugachev

Cossack who began a peasant rebellion against Catherine the Great

The Pugachev Rebellion

caused Catherine to increase her oppression of the peasants in return for the support of the nobles to help her avoid future revolts

Maratha Empire

the empire that the Maratha, a Hindu warrior group, created

Pueblo Revolt

took place in 1680 against the Spanish in what is now New Mexico

Maroon wars

Enslaved people in the Caribbean and former Spanish territores in the Americas fought to gain freedom

Queen Nanny

an escaped slave that united all the maroons of the island

Gloucester County Rebellion

the first recorded slave revolt in waht is now the US where enslaved Africans and white indentured servants conspired together to demand their freedom from the governor; failed

Mohegan and Pequot

native American groups that sided with the English in Metacom's war

Wampanoag

Metacom's war was ended with their subjugation to the English coloniests

James II

Catholic king of England whoes anti-Protestant measures enraged many English people

William of Orange

James's nephew and son-in-law; was invited by a group of nobles to invade England with and army and become the new king

Mary II

James's daughter; joint ruler with William and kept the English throne Protestant

The Glorious Revolution

also known as the Bloodless Revolution; when King James was overthrown and the power of Parliament was strengthened

Timar

a system in which the sultan granted land or tax revenues to those he favored

Mehmed II

a sultan that invited Jews to settle in Istanbul

Akbar the Great

India's greatest emperor; remembered for his military successes and his administrative achievements

Harem

a residence where a powerful man's wives and concubines lived

Roxelana

A woman who became unusually powerful in the Ottoman Empire