Key Topic 2, Section 2 (Protest and Personal Freedom)

What did Kennedy famously say during his inaugural speech in 1961?

'Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country'

What does SDS stand for?

Students for a Democratic Society

What was the SDS?

Socialist student union fighting for the 'New Left'

Who set up the SDS?

Tom Hayden

When was the SDS set up?

1960

When did the SDS, SNCC, CORE and the Student Peace Union meet?

1962

During the 1962, meeting of the SDS, CORE, SNCC and the Student Peace Union what phrase was coined?

New Left

What was the 'New Left'?

advocated for civil rights, anti-war activism, and social justice.

When was the anti-Vietnamese War march organised by the SDS?

1965

Around how many people marched during the 1965 anti-Vietnam protest?

25, 000

When did student radicalism first gain national attention and why?

1964 - FSM at Berkeley

Who led the FSM at the University of California, Berkeley?

Mario Savio

When was the FSM at University of California, Berkeley?

1964

How many students were arrested during the FSM movement at Berkeley after occupying the administration building?

800

What was the slogan of the FSM?

'You can't trust anyone over thirty'

In what year was there another flare up of the FSM after a student was arrested for displaying the word 'F**k’?

1965

What was the FSM?

Free Speech Movement

When was the Student Peace Union established?

1959

When did the Student Peace Union stage a protest outside the White House?

1961

How many members did the Student Peace Union have in 1962?

3, 000

In 1964, how many Yale Uni students staged a protest march in NYC?

1, 000

In what year did Yale Uni students staged a protest march in NYC?

1964

What were 'teach ins'?

informal educational forums where students and faculty discussed and protested issues

How many participated in a Berkeley 'teach-in'?

20, 000

In 1965, how many marchers clashed with police in Oakland?

8, 000

Which university staged a protest march in NYC in 1964?

Yale

In what year did 8, 000 marchers clash with police, becoming violent?

1965

Who staged the largest anti-war protest to date?

SDS in Washington DC

Who organised the largest anti-war protest in Washington to date?

New Left's Mobilisation Committee to End the War

What was Mobe?

New Left's Mobilisation Committee to End the War

How many people attended the anti-war protest in Washington DC 1967?

100, 000

When was the anti-war protest in Washington DC?

1967

What was the slogan of the 1967 anti-war march in Washington DC?

'Hell no, we won't go'

How many hippies did Time magazine estimate there were?

300,000

What was the 'greatest counter-culture happening'?

Woodstock festival

When was Woodstock held?

1969

How many people attended Woodstock in 1969?

400,000

What was the favourite slogan of the Woodstock festival?

Make love, not war

Give some examples of performers at the Woodstock festival.

- Joan Baez
- Jefferson Airplane
- Jimi Hendrix

Who were the Diggers of San Francisco and what did they want?

Hippies who wanted a social revolution and the end of capitalism

In what year did the Diggers parade a coffin around the streets of San Fran carrying signs saying 'The Death of Money'?

1966

In what year did the Diggers proclaim the 'Death of the Hippie'?

1967

When did the hippie movement fade out?

Mid 1970s

In what decade did women's activism grow drastically?

1960

After which world event did women in work places increase?

WWII

By which year were most women in low paid jobs such as waitresses, cleaners, shop assistants or secretaries?

1963

What profession fired women when they married or reached age 32?

Airline stewardesses

In the early 1960s, women constituted which percentage of teachers?

80%

In the early 1960s, women constituted which percentage of principals?

10%

In the early 1960s, women constituted which percentage of doctors?

7%

In the early 1960s, women constituted which percentage of lawyers?

3%

In the early 1960s, how many states didn't allow female jurors?

18

In the early 1960s, how many states didn't allow women to enter into financial agreements without a male co-signatory?

6

What did Patrick Moynihan, a leading figure in Nixon's administration, admit about the patriarchy in America?

'Male dominance is so deeply a part of American life the makes don't even notice it'

How did other protest movements inspire the women's movement?

- showed protests could bring legislative reform
- discrimination within protest groups

In 1964, what percentage of the SDS' membership were women?

33%

In 1964, what percentage of the SDS' leadership roles women?

6%

In what years did the women taking tranquillisers double?

1958 - 1959

When was the Feminine Mystique written?

1963

Who wrote the Feminine Mystique?

Betty Friedan

What did Betty Friedan refer to surburbia as?

'Comfortable concentration camp'

What did Betty Friedan write about in the Feminine Mystique?

'The problem that has no name'

What did Betty Friedan believe women were taught?

'They could desire no greater destiny that to glory in their own femininity'

When was NOW formed?

1966

Who formed NOW?

Betty Friedan and other activists

What does NOW stand for?

National Organization for Women

Why did NOW first form?

Unhappy when the government EEOC refused to enforce Title VII of the Civil Rights Act

What did Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act ban?

Discrimination in employment on the basis of sex

What was NOW the first national organisation to endorse?

Legalisation of abortion

What case was the Weeks vs Southern Bell case?

Southern Bell refused Lorena Weeks promotion application on the basis a woman wouldn't be able to lift a weight of 30 pounds

When did Weeks and NOW lose their claim in the case?

1966

When did NOW, after several appeals, win the Weeks vs Southern Bell case?

1969

What was the name of the bill NOW produced?

Bill of Rights for Women

When did NOW produce the Bill of Rights for Women?

1968

When did NOW organise a national woman's strike for equality?

1970

How many women striked during NOWs national strike for equality, in 1970?

100, 000

What was the slogan of the 1970 national strike for women?

Don't iron while the strike is hot

What are the two types of feminism?

liberal and radical

Three examples of radical feminists.

- Jo Freeman
- Shulasmith Firestone
- Ti-Grace Atkinson

When did radical feminists rise?

Late 1960s

In what year did women disrupt the Miss America pageant in Atlantic City?

1968

How many women participated in the disruption of the Miss America pageant in Atlantic City?

100

Give an example of a radical feminist group that broke away from NOW?

Radicalesbians

What was the name of the magazine published by feminists, and who published it?

Ms by Gloria Steinem

Why were liberal feminists unhappy with radical feminists?

Believed radical feminists were making American public less sympathetic

Which president in 1967 passed an executive order banning gender discrimination by federal contractors?

LBJ

When did LBJ pass an executive order banning gender discrimination by federal contractors?

1967

By 1971, how much money had NOW won in pay back for women?

$13 mill

What did Title XI of the Education Amendment in 1972 do for women?

Prohibited sex discrimination in education

When was Title XI in the Education Amendment that banned discrimination on the basis of sex in education passed?

1972

In what year did both houses of Congress agree to the ERA?

1972

What was Nixon's stance on abortion and the ERA?

Against

What act did Nixon veto in 1971?

Child Development Act

When did Nixon veto the Child Development Act?

1971

What would the Child Development Act, 1971 have done?

Establish a national system of childcare centres

What percentage of those appointed to office by Nixon were women?

3.5%

What was Reed v. Reed (1971)?

A divorced couple's son dies; both of them fought for the estate; lower courts automatically awarded it to the husband. The wife sued.

In 1955, how many couples cohabited?

Around 250, 000

In 1960, how many couples cohabited?

500, 000

In 1970, how many couples cohabited?

Nearly 750, 000