Chapter 4 Proteins and Amino Acids

Describe the composition of Amino Acids

An amino acid consist of:

-amino group (-NH2) *contains nitrogen

-R group (varies/determines type of amino acid)

-carboxyl group (-COOH)

Differentiate between essential and non essential amino acids

essential amino acids:

-body can not make it

-must be ingested

non essential amino acids:

-can be found in food

-liver makes these amino acids also

List the benefits of protein

-builds muscles

-balances hormones naturally (helps control mood and anxiety)

-prevents weight gain

-stabilizes blood sugar

-critical for cognitive function

-helps maintain strong bones

-controls blood pressure

List the functions that proteins serve in the body

structural component: muscle

enzymes

transporters

regulates fluid and electrolyte balance: plasma proteins

pH balance

immune functions: antibodies

hormones

provide some energy and glucose

cause of PEM

-cause from malnourishment

-when in starvation body will burn through card then lipids then protein

List the signs of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)

muscle wasting

distended belly (b/c of lack of albumin)

Discuss the differences between the two forms of PEM

kwashiorkor: severe malnourishment characterized by failure to grow and develop, edema, changes in pigmentation of the hair and skin, anemia, and apathy

marasmus: severe malnourishment characterized by poor growth, dramatic weight loss of body fat and muscle, apathy

Discuss the health consequences of excessive protein intake

-increases risk of heart disease bc of high amounts of saturated fat (from animal protein)

-excess amount of protein can damage kidneys that are already compromised

positive nitrogen status: body makes more proteins than its loosing, occurs during period of growth

negative nitrogen balance: when body breaks down more protein than it makes, occurs during starvation

Explain nitrogen balance and how it relates to health conditions

the amount of nitrogen consumed as compared with the amount of nitrogen excreted in a given period of time

Discuss how a vegan can achieve dietary adequacy

can consume complete protein plant sourced food like soy beans, quinoa, chia seeds, hemp seems

Discuss the pros and cons of protein sources from plants

pro: does not contain saturated fat

con: not incomplete proteins, need to consume a variety of food sources to get all amino acids

Discuss the pros and cons of protein sources from fish

pro: contain all 20 amino acids

-has polyunsaturated fat

con: farmed fish a fed GMO

-wild caught may contain mercury

what is mercury

-neurotoxin released into environment from various sources

-occurs naturally in the environment but is also released into the air through industrial pollution

describe the process of mercury

-mercury is released (from environment or pollution) turns into methyl mercury in water and then fish consume mercury

Discuss the pros and cons of protein sources from red meat

pro: contain all 20 amino acids

*high quality protein

con: contains high amount of saturated fat and sodium (especially processed deli meats)

-nitrites are added to increase shelf life

What are nitrites?

-preservative added to process meats

-known to cause cancer

why is salt added to processed meats

to increase shelf life and enhance flavor

Farm Fresh Eggs

meaningless marketing term

All Natural eggs

-meaningless marketing term

-hens are kept in battery cage

-hens held in crowded conditions are get stressed and suffer from anxiety

beak clipping

procedure performed on hens in order to prevent them from self harm the pecking of other hens

*hens anxiety stem from poor living condition

forced molting

The egg-industry practice of artificially inducing hens to molt by depriving them of food for several days to two weeks to induce hen to produce larger eggs

free range eggs

-have semi access to outdoors (open windows)

-not free roaming

-do not consume natural diet of grass and protein

-fed grains like soy and corn

Cage Free Eggs

-permitting to roam in room/building with access to food and water

-fed corn and soy

vegetarian fed eggs

-meaningless marketing term

-most likely factory farm

-does not provide chicken with natural diet of seeds, grapes, worms, insects,

pasture-raised eggs

-birds raised outdoors, for the most part

-roam on pastures where they graze

humane certified pasture raised eggs

-2.5 acres/1000 hens

-hens eat natural diet

omega-3 eggs

-eggs with increased omega-3 fatty acids (done by feeding hens a diet high in flaxseed)

-has 5x more omega 3

Proteins are chemically different from carbohydrates and fats because they also contain:

A. Iron

B. Sodium

C. Nitrogen

D. Phosphorus

C. Nitrogen

The basic building blocks for protein are:

A. side groups

B. amino acids

C. glucose units

D. saturated bonds

B. amino acids

Enzymes are proteins that, among other things:

A. defend the body against disease

B. regulate fluid and electrolyte balance

C. facilitate chemical reactions by changing themselves

D. help assemble disaccharides into starch, cellulose or glycogen

D. help assemble disaccharides into starch, cellulose or glycogen

Functions of proteins in the body include:

A. supplying omega 3 fatty acids for growth, lowering serum cholesterol, and helping with weight control

B. supplying fiber to aid digestion, digesting cellulose and providing the main fuel for muscles

C. protecting organs against shock, helping the body use carbohydrates effeiciently and providing triglycerides

D. serving as structural components, supplying hormones to regulate body processes and maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance

D. serving as structural components, supplying hormones to regulate body processes and maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance

Major proteins in the blood that protect against bacteria and other disease agents are called:

A. acids

B. buffers

C. antigens

D. antibodies

D. antibodies

Marasmus can be distinguished from kwashiorkor because in marasmus:

A. only adults are victims

B. the cause is usually an infection

C. severe wasting of body fat and muscles are evident

C. the limbs, face and belly swell with edema

C. severe wasting of body fat and muscles are evident

the RDA for protein for a healthy adult is ___ gram(s) per kilogram of appropriate body weight for height

A. 0.5

B. 0.8

C. 1.1

D. 1.4

B. 0.8

Generally speaking, from which of the following foods are complete proteins derived?

A. milk, gelatin and soy

B. rice, potatoes and eggs

C. Meat, fish, poultry

D. vegetables, grains and fruit

C. Meat, fish, poultry

An incomplete protein lacks one or more:

A. hydrogen bonds

B. essential fatty acids

C. dispensable amino acids

D. essential amino acids

D. essential amino acids

The swelling of body tissue caused by the leakage of fluid from the blood vessels into the interstitial spaces is called:

A. edema

B. anemia

C. acidosis

D. sickle cell anemia

A. edema