is310 midterm AHHh

Computer System components

Hardware

Computer System components

Software

Computer System components

Data

Computer System components

Communications

I/O

Input/Output

CPU

Central Processing Unit

ALU

Arithmetic unit

CU

Control Unit

Personal Computer System

CPU, bus, interface controller, I/O ports, graphics, audio, power

Software overview

non-physical components of a computer system

Signed integers

plus or minus sign

Data representations for computer applications

audio

Data representations for computer applications

video

Data representations for computer applications

text

Data representations for computer applications

image

Characteristics and considerations of data formats

accuracy

Characteristics and considerations of data formats

resolution

Characteristics and considerations of data formats

size

Characteristics and considerations of data formats

standards

Characteristics and considerations of data formats

color pallet

Characteristics and considerations of data formats

compression

components of the CPU

ALU
- Control Unit
- Clock
- Registers (MAR, MDR, instruction pointer, status, program counter)

Von Neumann Architecture

memory holds both program and data, is addressed linearly and is addressed bu location number

Assembly vs Machine Language

Machine Language uses BInary while Assembly uses mnemoic codes like ADD and MOV

RAM

random access memory

SRAM

Static RAM, 3x faster than DRAM

DRAM

Dynamic RAM

ROM

Read only memory

EEPROM

Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory

Types of I/O devices

• Hard drives

• Networks

• Touchscreen

Direct Memory Access

computer systems that allows certain hardware subsystems to access main system memory independently of the central processing unit

Binary Coded Decimal

the number is stored as a digit‐by‐digit binary representation of the original decimal integer. Each decimal digit is individually converted to binary. This requires 4 bits per digit.

Little Person Computer instructions

LOAD

STORE

ADD

SUBTRACT

INPUT

OUTPUT

HALT

Standards

___________ are agreements among interested parties, often manufacturers, to assure that various system components will work together interchangeably.

subsystems

A large organization's IT system might have specific programs such as marketing, manufacturing, purchasing, inventory, finance, and accounting. These are considered ____________ to the larger IT system.

computer hardware

The _____________ provides the physical mechanisms to input and output data, to manipulate and process data, and to electronically control the various input, output, and storage components.

It is Possibleto write programs that will emulate the instruction set from one computer on a computer with a different instruction set.

decomposition

The division of a system or subsystem into its components and linkages is called…

application architecture

The system architecture representation of the flow and processing of data within an organization is called

IPO

input–process–output

Clients

____ are computers that request services.

stored program concept

The idea that the program instructions and data are both stored in memory while being processed is known as the

SATA

Storage devices communicate with a computer using protocols. One such protocol is:

hexadecimal

Most computer manufacturers today prefer to use a base sixteen number format called ____

Base

The ____ of a number system is simply the number of different digits, including zero, that exist in the number system.

Binary

The computer stores both instructions and data in _____ forms.

F

The largest single digit in hexadecimal is

least significant digit

The digit furthest to the right is usually the

Byte

Bits stored in groups of eight.

a left shift

In order to multiply a number by its base we can perform

Addressing modes

The different ways of establishing memory addresses within an instruction are called what?

Static RAM is faster to access than dynamic RAM.

In user space

Programs that execute without privileges are said to execute

Addressing modes

The different ways of establishing memory addresses within an instruction are called whatt

INPUT, STORE, INPUT

Which sequence of commands is needed to enter two numbers into the LMC (using the INPUT command)?

dynamic

The primary memory in most computer systems is _____ RAM.

MDR

The register that will hold the data value that is being transferred between the CPU and a particular memory location is called the what?

program counter (instruction location counter).

The LMC knows which mailbox contains the next task by looking at the…

Primary

memory holds program instructions and data and interacts directly with the CPU during program execution.

status registers

Usually, several flags are grouped into one or more

program counter (also called instruction location counter).

The BRANCH UNCONDITIONALLY instruction changes the value in the…

Flash memory

is nonvolatile.

In the von Neumann architecture, memory holds

data and instructions

a mailbox to the calculator.

The ADD instruction adds data from

Buses

provide the interconnection between various internal parts of the CPU, and between the CPU and memory, as well as providing connections between input and output devices, the CPU, and memory.

Independently and in parallel

The use of fixed-length, fixed-format instruction words with the op code and address fields in the same position for every instruction would allow instructions to be fetched and decoded how?

machine language instructions

Microprocessors can't directly understand the programming languages typically used by software developers, so programs have to be converted into binary strings of 0s and 1s called _____.

What is a "thread"?

Independent segments of programs available to be executed in parallel.

Internal

Which type of control rate does sound have?

Very High

Which type of data rate does a solid state drive have?

Device drivers

Since many interrupts exist to support I/O devices, most of the interrupt handling programs are also known as what?

After one instruction is finished and before another begins

Interrupts are normally checked when

Standards

are agreements among interested partie

embedded

presence of the computer

privileged instructions.

intended for use by an operating system program, but not by an application program(like HALT)

Which of the following is not an advantage of adding more than one CPU processor within a single integrated chip?

Reduce resource conflicts

Instruction reordering makes it possible to provide parallel pipelines, with duplicate CPU logic, so that multiple instructions can actually be executed

simultaneously

supervisor call

which of the following interrupt classes have the lowest priority machine check, restart, supervisor call

the keyboard is basically a character based

decode

The fetch unit portion of the CPU consists of an instruction fetch unit and an instruction ___ unit

BCD (Binary-Coded Decimal) arithmetic is generally not always faster than standard binary arithmetic