AP Psych People

Frances Galton

maintained that personality and ability depend almost entirely on genetic inheritance (human traits are inherited)

Charles Darwin

theory of evolution, survival of the fittest-origin of the species

William Wundt

introspection-psychology became the scientific study of conscious experience (rather than science); father of modern or scientific psychology; structuralism was the approach and introspection was the methodology

John Watson

founder of behaviorism; generalization; applied classical conditioning skills to advertising; most famous for Little Albert experiment, where he first trained Albert to be afraid of rats and then to generalize his fear to all small, white animals

Alfred Adler

Neo-Freudian; believed that childhood social, not sexual, tensions are crucial for personality formation; believed that people are primarily searching or self-esteem and achieving the ideal self

Carl Jung

disciple of Freud who extended his theories; believed in a collective unconscious as well as a personal unconscious that is aware of ancient archetypes which we inherit from our ancestors and we see in myths (young warrior, wise man of the village, loving mother, etc.); coined the terms introversion and extroversion

Gordon Allport

three levels of traits-- 1. cardinal trait- dominant trait that characterizes your life, 2. central trait- common to all people, 3. secondary trait- surfaces in some situations and not in others

Albert Ellis

father of Rational Emotive Therapy, which focuses on altering client's patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotion (like, "if I fail the AP exam my life will come to an end")

Albert Maslow

humanist psychologist who said we have a series of needs which must be met; you can't achieve the top level, self-

actualization, unless the previous levels have been achieved; from bottom to top the levels are physiological needs, safety,

belonging, self-esteem, self-actualization; lower needs dominate and individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied

Carl Rogers

humanistic psychologist who believed in unconditional positive regard; people will naturally strive for self-actualization and high self-esteem, unless society taints them; reflected back clients thoughts so that they developed a self-awareness or their feelings; client-centered therapy

B.F. Skinner

operant conditioning-- techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism's behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent behavior; Skinner box; believed psychology was not scientific enough; wanted it to be believed everyone is born tableau rosa (blank slate); NOT concerned with unconscious or cause, only behavior

Ivan Pavlov

father of classical conditioning-- an unconditional stimulus naturally elicits a reflexive behavior called an unconditional response, but with repeated pairings with a neutral stimulus, the neutral stimulus will elicit the response

Noam Chomsky

believed there are an infinite number of sentences in a language and that humans have an inborn native ability to develop language; words and concepts are learned but the brain is hardwired for grammar and language

Jean Piaget

four-state theory of cognitive development-- sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational; two basic processes (assimilation and accommodation) work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth

Erik Erikson

people evolve through 8 states over the life span; each state is marked by psychological crisis that involves confronting "who am I"

Lawrence Kohlberg

his theory states that there are 3 levels of moral reasoning (pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional) and each level can be divided into 2 stages

Carol Gilligan

maintained the Kohlberg's work was developed only observing boys and overlooked potential differences between the habitual moral judgment of men and women

Hans Eysenck

Personality is determined to a large extent by genes. He used the terms extroversion and introversion

S. Schacter

believed that to experience emotions one must be physically aroused and must then label the arousal

Mary Cover Jones

systemic desensitization; maintained that fear could be unlearned; Little Peter experiment

Benjamin Whorf

his hypothesis is that language determines the way we think

Robert Sternberg

triarchic theory of intelligence- [1] academic problem-solving intelligence [2] practical intelligence [3] creative intelligence

Howard Gardner

Theory of multiple intelligences

Albert Bandura

observational learning- allows you to profit immediately from the mistakes and successes of others; his experiment had adult models punching BoBo dolls and then observed children whom watched begin to exhibit many of the same behaviors; social learning theory

E.L. Thorndike

law of effect-the principle that behavior followed by favorable consequences becomes more likely and vice versa

Alfred Binet

general I.Q. tests

Lewis Terman

revised Binet's IQ test and established norms for American children

David Wechsler

established an intelligence test especially for adults (WAIS); also WISC and WPPSI

Charles Spearman

found that specific mental talents were highly correlated; concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled "g" for general ability

H. Rorschach

developed one of the first projective tests, the Inkblot Test; subject reads the inkblots and projects to the observer aspects of their personality

Philip Zimbardo

Conducted the Stanford Prison Experiment: studied the power of social roles to influence peoples behavior; proved people's behavior depends to a large extent on the roles they are asked to play; experiment had to be stopped because it got out of control

David Rosenhan

conducted a hospital experiment to test the diagnosis that hospitals make on patients; wanted to see the impact of behavior on being a patient; proved that once you are diagnosed with a disorder, your care would not be very good in a mental hospital setting

S. Asch

study of conformity; experiment had a subject unaware of his situation to test if he would conform if all the members of a group gave an obviously incorrect answer

Stanley Milgram

conducted a study on obedience when he had a subject shock a patient to the extent that they would be seriously injuring the patient

Harry Harlow

studied theory of attachment in infant Rhesus monkeys; also experimented on the effects of social isolation in young monkeys and observed that they become severely emotionally disturbed and never recover fully

William Sheldon

theory that linked personality to physique on the grounds that both are governed by genetic endowment; endomorphic (large), mesomorphic (average), ectomorphic (skinny)

Sigmund Freud

psychoanalytical theory that focuses on the unconscious; id, ego, superego; believed innate drives for sex and aggression are the primary motives for our behavior and personalities

Karen Horney

criticized Freud; said that personality is continually molded by current fears and impulses rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences; saw humans as craving love and social interaction to drive their needs

Martin Seligman

learned helplessness is the giving up reaction that occurs from the experience that whatever you do you cannot change your situation

H. Ebbinghas

first to conduct scientific studies on memory and forgetting; learning curves

Hubel/Wisel

did a study of the activities of neurons in the visual cortex

Walter B. Cannon

believed that gastric activity in an empty stomach was the sole reason for hunger; did experiment by inserting balloon in subjects stomach

Ernst Weber

pioneered the first study on JND (just noticeable difference), which become Weber's Law; the JND between stimuli is a constant fraction of the intensity of the standard stimulus

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross

theory proposes that the terminally ill pass through a sequence of 5 stages- [1]denial, [2]anger/resentment, [3]bargaining, [4]depression, [5]acceptance

Robert Zajonc

mere exposure effect; it is possible to have preferences without inferences and to feel without knowing why

Henry Murray

stated that the need to achieve varied in strength in different people and influenced their tendency to approach success and evaluate their own performances; devised the TAT (Thematic Appreciation Test) with Christina D. Morgan

David McClelland

devised a way to measure H. Murray's theory-"the need to achieve that varied in strength in different people and influenced their tendency to approach success and evaluate their own performances"; credited with developing the scoring system for the TAT's use in assessing achievement motivation, not for the TAT itself

Paul Ekman

theory that facial expressions are universal

James Marcia

studied adolescent stage of Erikson; divided adolescent into four groups- foreclosed(having parents identity), achieved (your own identity), diffused (not even searching, living day-to-day), moratorium (actively searching for identity)