Politics, Laws, codes, etc

Sharia

A system of Islamic law derived from the Quran and Hadith, governing the moral and legal conduct of Muslims.

Jizya

A tax levied on non-Muslims in an Islamic state, allowing them to practice their religion and receive state protection.

Jannisaries

Elite infantry units in the Ottoman Empire, originally composed of slave soldiers who converted to Islam and were trained to serve the Sultan.

• turkish language

• first male of Balkan family as tribute

Devshirme System

The practice of forcibly recruiting boys from Christian families in the Balkans, converting them to Islam, and training them for service in the Ottoman Empire, particularly as Janissaries.

Bureaucracy

A system of government in which state officials, rather than elected representatives, make decisions and administer laws. It often involves a hierarchy of authority and complex procedures.

divine right of Kings

EUROPEAN

The doctrine that monarchs derive their authority directly from God, and are accountable only to Him. It suggests that questioning the king's rule is equivalent to questioning divine order.

Inca Sun Temples

were ceremonial structures built for the worship of the sun god, Inti. These temples played a key role in Inca religious life and were often decorated with gold and silver, symbolizing the sun's wealth.

• Gave Inca rulers divinity

Palace of Versailles

A royal residence near Paris, France, known for its opulence and as a symbol of absolute monarchy.

• Kept nobility near to King to prevent uprisings

Ottoman tax farming

A system where the government auctioned the right to collect taxes from a specific region to the highest bidder, allowing tax farmers to keep a portion of the revenue.

Mughal Zamindar

A land revenue collector or landowner in the Mughal Empire who was responsible for tax assessment and collection from peasants.

Aztec tribute lists

Documents that recorded the goods and services required from conquered peoples as tribute, essential for the economic system of the Aztec Empire.

Indentured servitude

A labor system where people worked for a fixed term, usually in exchange for passage to a new country, basic needs, or land after their servitude ended.

Serfdom

A system where peasants were bound to the land and served a landowner, often providing labor and dues in exchange for protection and the right to work the land.

Justinian’s Code - 500 CE

A collection of laws and legal interpretations developed under Byzantine Emperor Justinian I in the 6th century, which served as a foundation for legal systems in many Western countries.

Theme System - 610 to 641 CE

• Byzantine

• reward of land for military service under a centralized government

Feudalism - 800 CE

A social and economic system in medieval Europe where land was owned by lords who granted it to vassals in exchange for military service and loyalty, while serfs worked the land for protection.

• western europe

• peasants rarely moving

• religiously tolerant, then converted to Islam

• Persecution of Jews and Christians

Hanseatic League 1356-1862 CE

• Baltic + North sea

• medieval Europe trading

• grain, fish, furs, timber

• connected to Mediterranean sea trade networks by rivers

Investiture Contest 800-1806 CE

• Western Europe

• Conflict between Papacy and kings, papacy won

English and Dutch trading companies 1600s

• English and Dutch made Joint Stock Companies in order to succeed economically

• english: East Indian Company

• Dutch: VOC

Columbian Exchange 1492-1800

• diffusion of plants, animals, spices and other materials, which benefitted nutrition, and biodiversity.

• The negatives were the spreading of diseases, such as smallpox, measles, influenza, diphtheria, whooping cough.

Absolute Monarchy 1600-1700s

France

• divine right of kings

• Versailles: kept nobles in check and centralized power.

Russia

• building navy

• increased education

• tax colllection systems

Constitutional Monarchy 1600s

England

• religious tolerance

• merchants flourished

• parliament: Bill of Rights

Spanish Administration of New World

• viceroys

• audiencias oversaw colonial territories, maintaining control and implementing Spanish laws in the Americas.

Casta System mid 1500s

Creoles (fully European)

Mestizos: mix of euro and indigenous

Mulattos: mix of euro and africain

Zambos: mix of indigenous and africain

A hierarchical social classification system in colonial Spanish America based on race and ancestry, defining status and privileges among various groups, including Spaniards, mestizos, and indigenous peoples.

Mercantilism 1400-1600s

• Wealth determined by gold and silver

• export centered

• more colonies to get raw materials from to export more goods

• bypass restrictive rules from guilds

Haciendas

Large estates in colonial Mexico, often involved in agriculture and mining, that played a significant role in the social and economic structure of the region. They served as important centers for the Spanish colonial economy, contributing to the wealth and power of landowners.

Mestizo Societies 1500s

• Portuguese: Brazil

• Spanish: Mexico

  Mestizo societies emerged in the 1500s as a result of the intermixing of Spanish colonizers and indigenous peoples in regions like Mexico and Brazil. These societies reflected a blend of cultural influences and played a crucial role in shaping the social and demographic landscape of colonial Latin America.

soon led to Casta System

Encomienda System

• Sort of tribute system where conquered natives had to do labor in silver mining particularly

• In return, Spaniards were supposed to care for them, but it didnt happen. Exploitation and abuse from Spaniards often occurred, leading to significant decline in native populations. This system was a key method for the Spanish crown to extract wealth from the colonies.

Slavery in Portugese Brazil 1500-1700

• Very dependent on imported African slaves

• sugar plantations

• Mistreatment of slaves —> higher death rate than birth, increasing demand for more

Slavery in North America 1500-1700

• Indigenous slaves, indentured laborers from europe, african slaves

• Cash crops: sugar, tobacco, cotton

Triangle Trade + Middle Passage 1500s

• Trade route from Europe to Africa to America

• Middle passage across Atlantic lasted 1-3 months, brutal, confined, unsanitary

Maroon Societies 1500s

• Run away slaves settling in undesired locations

• self governing communities

French revolution 1789-1799

• Absolute monarchy is heavy taxing on majority commoner population

• Estates general assembly proved that the commoners’ voices were diminished to the elite

• Declaration of the Rights of Man and the citizen

Haitian revolution 1791-1804

• Toussaint L’ouverture leader

• French revolution inspired

• Large maroon societies

Mexican War for Independence 1800s

• Creole population outnumbered peninsulares

• Napoleon took over Iberian Peninsula, power faltered, Creoles gain independence

• Established creole-dominated republics

Women’s Rights Movements 1700-1800s

• Mary Wollstonecraft, Elizabeth Stanton

• Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Seneca Falls Conference

held in 1848, this was the first women's rights convention in the United States, where activists gathered to discuss social, civil, and religious rights.

Liberalism 1800s

A political philosophy advocating for individual rights, democracy, and limited government intervention, emphasizing personal liberties and equality.

Industrial Revolution Change on World Economies

• increased food supply

• increased urbanization

• increased need for raw materials

  -cotton, sugar, palm oil, wheat, metals

• Mass production of goods

• global production of goods moved to europe, us, japan

  -decline of Middle East and Asia

  -demand for mining increases

Development of Communism 1800s

• Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx + Engels

• People should destroy private property, implementing egalitarian society

• Opposed Utopian socialists

• Divides people into two class: proletariat, bourgeoisie

• religion was brainwashing

• Literature and art was diversion

Two subgroups

• Revolutionary Socialists: proletariate overthrow gov violently

• Evolutionary Socialists: peaceful protesting

Sepoy Mutiny 1857

Development of Socialism 1800s

A political and economic theory advocating for social ownership of the means of production, emerging as a response to industrial capitalism, emphasizing egalitarianism and workers' rights.

Ludites 1800s

A group of 19th-century English textile workers who protested against industrialization and mechanization by destroying machinery, believing it threatened their jobs.

Caudillos 1800s

• Latin America

• regional military leaders who came to powers in government

• Catered to the elite, creating dicontent and exploited common class

• De Rosas was a prominent Caudillos: cattle-herding gacho (cowboy), and urban elite in Buenos Aires. Reign of terror, killing oppostions

Ottoman late 1800s - Capitulations and Extraterritoriality Agreements

Capitulations: agreements that exempted european visitors from Ottoman laws, giving them certain powers of extraterritoriality

Extraterritoriality: the right to exercise jurisdiction over their own citizens according to their own laws.

Led to:

• weakened economy ( more imports than exports)

• high corruption and loss of state sovereignty.

Tanzimat Reforms 1800s

• Ottoman Empire

• to modernize empire and protect from influence of industrialized societies

• targeted army strengthening and education accessibility

• Heavy on enlightenment

• New social codes

• Civil liberties

• marriage and divorce still under law

Conflicted with:

• Young Ottomans: wanted constitutional government

• Muslim conservatives

Young Turks 1889

• Ottoman Empire

• Educated Ottomans who were exiled by the Sultan were sent to Paris, experiencing euro political structures

• called for universal suffrage, equality before law, freedom of religion, free public education, secularized state, emancipation of women

• Army coup to force sultan to implement and restore parliament and constitution, later deposed of him

• Implemented Turkish hegemony, upsetting minorities

emancipation of serfs 1961

• Russia

• Alexander put manifesto into effect

• serfs libery to citizenship, right to marry, own property

• had to pay tax for lands they got, making them angry

• land was communal, not sellable

Russian revolution 1905

• Common class upset with Nicholas for loss in russo-japanese war from loss of navy

• Bloody Sunday further encouraged revolts

• Led to creation of the Duma (elected legislative assembly)

• Nicholas Abdicated

Opium Wars and Unequal Treaties 1830-1840s

• British began selling China opium from plantations in India

• Motive was to decrease expenditures on Chinese goods by getting silver more easily

• China became addicted to opium

• Made it illegal

• British declared war, won

• Unequal treaties created: extraterritoriality, opening more trading ports, christian missionaries through China

• prevented Qing gov from levying tarrifs

Taiping Rebellion - 1850-64

• Rebellion against Qing gov, wanting communal nation

• Wanted more education, communal wealth, abolition of private property, etc

• euro helped take them down

• Empress Cixi changed Manchurian soldiers out with Chinese

  The Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) was a massive civil war in southern China led by Hong Xiuquan, who believed he was the brother of Jesus Christ. It aimed to establish a new kingdom based on the principles of communal ownership and social reform, ultimately resulting in significant devastation and loss of life.

Self-Strengthening Movement 1860-1895

• Qing

• Blend of Cultural tradition w euro industrial tech

• Maintaining confucian values and agrarian society w modernization

Hundred-Day Reforms 1898

• Qing

• Led by scholars

• Published series explaining how confucian thought was in support of conducting reforms and radical changes in imperial government

• didn’t want to preserve agrarian society, but turn China to industrializing

• Emperor Guangxu started the reforms

  -constitutional monarchy

  -civil liberties

  -rid of corruption

  -modernize military

  -stimulate economy

Boxer Rebellion 1899-1901

• Qing

• Antiforeinger

• Killing sprees

• British, French, Russian, US, German, Japan troops crushed them, had to pay punitive indemnity

• Qing believing China was corrupt

Daimyo 1600s-1867

Japanese feudal lords who ruled over domains and had significant power during the Edo period. They were vassals of the shogunate, controlling samurai and land.

meiji restoration 1800s

• US threatened Tokugawa Japan to open trading ports

• they agreed, but their punished elites, executed samurai in civil war

• Tokugawa defeated

• Emperor Meiji took over, worked to industrialize and modernize japan

• Away from military rule

• goal to strengthen Japan in order to reverse unequal treaties, gain sovereignty

• Tax reformations

• Constitutional monarchy w legislature

• more education

Monroe Doctrine 1823

A US policy introduced in 1823 that opposed European colonialism in the Americas, asserting that any intervention by foreign powers in the politics of the Americas would be viewed as an act of aggression. It aimed to protect newly independent nations in the Western Hemisphere.

Russo-Japanese War

A conflict between Russia and Japan from 1904 to 1905, primarily over territorial disputes in Manchuria and Korea. The war resulted in a decisive victory for Japan, establishing it as a formidable military power on the global stage.

Sino-Japanese War

A conflict between China and Japan that occurred from 1894 to 1895, mainly over influence in Korea. The war resulted in a significant victory for Japan and marked its emergence as a major world power.