PHLT 301 Griffith exam 2

How do we know something is a public health issue?

-number of deaths

-majority of people are imapcted

-population issue

-affects the community

inductive reasoning

1. observation

2. pattern

3. hypothesis

4. theory

deductive reasoning

1. Theory

2. Hypothesis

3. observation

4. confirmation

2 categories of types of data

qualitative and quantitative

qualitative data

-discriptional

-observational

quantitative

-numerical

-measures or counts

examples of qualitative data

-gender

-race/ethnicity

-education level

examples of quantitative data

-age

-income

-date of birth

types of numeric data

discrete and continuous

discrete data

-specific values

-whole numbers

examples of discrete data

-zip code

-number of students

-count of attendees

continuous data

-value within a range

-does not have to be a whole number

examples of continuous data

-temperature

-grades

-height

-weight

-time

-age

ordinal data

categories that DO have an implicit rank or order

examples of ordinal data

-educational level

-level of agreement (strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree)

binomial data

data that has two categories or two choices

examples of binomial data

-true/false

-yes/no

nominal data

-does NOT have an implicit rank/order

example of nominal data

-eye color

-city name

accuracy

how close measurements are to the true value

precision

how close measurements are to each other

reliability is

repeatable and reproducable

repeatable

getting the same outcome when the SAME operator measures the same part multiple times

reproducability

getting the same outcome when DIFFERENT operators measure the same part multiple times

why do we care about data in public health?

-foundation of policy

-information about groups

-tell us if interventions are working

epidemiology

study and analysis of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events and application of the study to the control of diseases and other health problems

two types of epidemiology

descriptive and analytic

descriptive epidemiology

-distribution

-looks at patterns

-focus on time, person, and placeq

analytical epidemiology

-determinants

-hypothesis testing

-specialized knowledge

The 5 W's of epidemiology and what they mean

What: issue or condition trying to be understood

When: time

Where: location

Who: population or person

Why/How: causes, risks, factors/determinants, modes of transmission

out of the 5 W's of epidemiology, what is included in descriptive epidemiology

what, who, where, and when

out of the 5 W's of epidemiology, what is included in an analytical epidemiology

why/how

what is GIS?

-geographic information systems

- Computer based tools used to store, visualize, analyze, and interpret geographic data

· Outbreaks of disease have a location source, contained in area or more widespread

· Do not have to have computer to do GIS

examples of GIS

-John Snow mapping cholera outbreaks

-tuberculosis at a state level

-mapping out flu outbreak

social vulnerability

· social vulnerability refers to the resilience of communities when confronted with external stressors on human health

why is social vulnerability important?

· Looks at all the counties in US took give idea of where vulnerability is present around housing and transportation (gives context)

· Context around data is important

· Important because refers to resiliency when locations have certain stressors

pros of GIS

-can predict the issues a community might have

-can help track modes of transmission

-quicker reaction to notice issues

cons of GIS

-does not give all of the context

-cleanliness of data (you can have duplicated data

-have to update continuously and may take time to update

what is an intervention?

A health intervention is an act performed for, with or on behalf of aperson or population whose purpose is to assess, improve,maintain, promote or modify health, functioning or healthconditions

types of prevention

-tertiary

-secondary

-primary

as you go up the types of prevention model (pyramid), do populations increase or decrease as you go up?

decrease/population shrinks

tertiary prevention

when something has already occurred

tertiary prevention examples

cardiac rehab, physical therapy, epipen (if you've already had the reaction)

secondary prevention

something occurred but not the worst case scenario

secondary prevention examples

when someone has a family history or gets a diagnosis and then they get health screening, go on a diet, etc.

primary level of prevention

occurs before anything has happened

primary prevention example

-vaccines, washing hands, condoms, seatbelts, waste management

on the socioecological framework model, where do most interventions occur?

social structure, policies and systems because it consumes everything else

using the socioecological framework model and types of prevention, where would a smoking cessation intervention occur?

SEF- individual level since the individual has to make the change

Types of prevention- primary level

using the socioecological framework model and types of prevention, where does the "not on tobacco" (video from slides/class) intervention occur?

-secondary level because people are already smoking

-individual because an individual has to make the change

-interpersonal because it said you don't have to do this alone

using the socioecological framework model and types of prevention, where would a tobacco-free school's sign (photo from slides/class) intervention occur?

-institutional because of schools

-primary and secondary

using the socioecological framework model and types of prevention, where would a no tobacco under 21 intervention occur?

-institutional or organizational because where people buy tobacco from are the enforcers of the law

-social structure, policies, and systems since it is a law that you must be 21 to buy or use tobacco

-primary level?

cultural competence

"the active, intentional, and ongoing engagement with diversity to increase one's awareness content knowledge, cognitive sophistication, and empathic understanding of the complex ways individuals interact within systems and institutions"

cultural competence ____________________ health outcomes and _________________ health disparities

improves; reduces

ways cultural competence can be used

-having flyers in different languages like Spanish to build cultural competence and health literacy of Hispanic people/Spanish speakers

-appeal to a certain part of the person/group's culture. for example, could talk about how smoking puts tribe members at risk when using an intervention targeted to Native Americans

what does each word mean in social network analysis?

social- interpersonal relationships

network- something that is interconnected

analysis- observing

social network analysis definition

-how things fit together and interact

-studies relationships between people, groups, and organizations

node

person, object, or group

link

relationship

what is the 6 degrees of separation?

-we are all interconnected

-you can be connected to a random stranger in just 6 steps

-example- spreading disease or information

how can SNA (social network analysis) help us with epidemiology?

-contract tracing

-people interact with others and spread ideas and disease

-stimulated data

How can SNA help us beyond epidemiology

-building relationships with people

-connecting with others

-networks help you navigate different communities and build credibility

pros and cons of social network analysis

pro- can help you see how people are connected

con-may not be the most accurate

institute of medicine's definition of public health

"Fulfilling society's interest in assuring conditions in which people can be healthy."

public health ethics

the principles and values that help guide actions designed to promote health and prevent injury and disease in the population

public health ethics: field of study

-Understand and clarify principles and values which guide public health actions

• Principles and values are used to justify decision-making

public health ethics: field of practice

• Application of relevant principles and values to public health decision making

1. Identifying and clarifying the ethical dilemma posed

2. Analyzing it in terms of alternative courses of action and their consequences

3. Resolving the dilemma by deciding which course of action best incorporates and balances the guiding principles and values

principles of the ethical practice of public health

· Fundamental causes and prevent adverse disease outcomes

· Respect the rights of individuals and and seek input from community members

· Protect and promote public health

-there are 12 total but I do not think we need to know them all

public health law

• Provides authority to take action

• Found in:

- Constitution(s)

-Treaties

- Statutes

- Regulations

- Common law

Legislative Branch

-enacts laws

-statutes

executive branch

-enforces laws and regulates

-executive orders, treaties, regulations

judicial branch

-interprets law in resolving disputes

-common

Jacobson v. Massachusetts

• Related to 1902 Smallpox outbreak

• State statute compelling vaccination• Jacobson refused vaccination and was fined

• $5• Supreme Court found:

- Upon the principle of self-defense, of paramount necessity, a community has the right to protect itself against an epidemic of disease which threatens the safety of its members.

public health requires balancing between....

individual liberties and public goods

public health: law vs ethics

law:

-formal

-public proceedings that are based on standards

ethics:

-less formal

-justifiable positions based on ethical reasoning

epidemiology is the study and analysus of the ______________________ and _________________________ of health related states or events (including disease), and the ________________________ of this study to control of diseases and

distribution; determinants; application

Which of these aligns with analytical epidemiology?

-who

-what

-when

-why

-where

why

the two basic elements of GIS data and

maps

social vulnerability refers to the _________________________ of communities when confronted with external stressors on human health

resilience

the ability to connect any person to another, even across the world is described by what phenonmenon?

6 degrees of separation

within social network analysis diagrams, the lines represent what?

relationships