behavioral science mcat chapter 7

biomedical approach

takes into account only the physical and medical causes of a physiological disorders. Thus treatments in this approach are of a — nature

biopsychosocial approach

considers the relative contributions of biological psychological and social components to an individual’s disorder. treatments also fall into these 3 areas

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)

used to diagnose psychological disorders, It categorizes mental disorders based on symptom patterns

schizophrenia

prototypical disorder with psychosis as a feature. It contains positive and negative symptoms

positive

symptoms that add something to behavior, cognition, or affect and include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and disorganized behavior

negative

symptoms that are the loss of something from behavior, cognition, or affect and include disturbance of affect and avolition

major depressive disorder

contains at least one major depressive episode

persistent depressive disorder/ dysthymia

is the presence of depressive symptoms for at least 2 years that do not meet criteria for major depressive disorder

bipolar and related disorders

have manic or hypomanic episodes

bipolar I disorder/bipolar 1

contains at least 1 manic episode

bipolar II disorder/ bipolar 2

contains at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode

cyclothymic disorder

describes periods of manic and depressive symptoms that are not severe enough to be labeled an episode. These symptoms must be present for 2 years and be present a majority of the time

anxiety disorders

capture conditions on which excessive fear or anxiety impairs one’s daily functions, Differentiated by the source

specific phobias

irrational fears of specific objects of situations

separation anxiety disorder

anxiety due to separation from one’s caregiver, often with the ideation that if separated, either the caregiver or the patient will be harmed

social anxiety disorder

anxiety due to social or performance situations with the ideation that the patient will negatively be evaluated

selective mutism

disorder is the impairment of speech in situations where speech is expected

panic disorder

marked by recurrent panic attacks; may lead to agoraphobia

panic attacks

intense overwhelming fear and sympathetic nervous system activity with no clear stimulus,

agoraphobia

fear of places or situations where it is hard for the individual to escape

generalized anxiety disorder

disproportionate persistent worry about many different things for at least 6 months

obsessive compulsive disorder and related disorders

characterized by perceived needs and paired actions to meet those needs

obsessive compulsive disorder

characterized by obsessions and compulsions

obsessions

persistent intrusive thoughts and impulses

compulsion

repetitive tasks that relieve tension but cause significant impairment in a person’s life

body dysmorphic disorder

characterized by unrealistic negative evaluation of ones appearance or a specific body part. the individual often takes extreme measures to correct the perceived imperfection

hoarding disorder

characterized by the reluctance of giving up ones physical possessions

posttraumatic stress disorder/ PTSD

characterized by the intrusion, avoidance, negative cognitive, and arousal symptoms, symptoms can be explained from a behavioralists perspective

dissociative fugue

sudden change in location that may involve the assumption of a new identity

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

the occurrence of 2 or more personalities that take control of a person’s behavior

depersonalization/derealization disorder

involves feelings of detachment from the mind and body from the environment

somatic system and related disorders

disorders that involve significant bodily symptoms

somatic symptom disorder

involves at least one somatic symptom, which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition that causes disproportionate concern

illness anxiety disorder

preoccupation with thoughts about having or coming down with a serious medical condition

conversion disorder

involves unexplained symptoms affecting motor or sensory function, is associated with previous trauma

personality disorders

patterns of inflexible, maladaptive behavior that cause distress or impaired functioning in at least 2 of the following: cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control. Occurs in 3 cluster (A B C)

cluster a

odd eccentric, includes paranoid, schizotypal, and schizoid PD’s.

cluster b

dramatic, emotional, erratic. Includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic PD’s

cluster c

Anxious fearful. Includes avoidant dependent and obsessive compulsive PDs

paranoid PD

involves a pervasive, distrust, and suspicion of others

schizotypal pd

involved ideas of reference, magical thinking, and eccentricity

schizoid PD

involved detachment from social relationships and limited emotion

antisocial PD

involves disregard for the rights of others

borderline PD

involves instability in relationships, moods, and self-image. splitting is characteristic as are recurrent suicidal attempts

histrionic PD

involves constant attention seeking behavior

narcissistic PD

involves a grandiose sense of self importance and need for admiration

avoidant pd

involves extreme shyness and fear of rejection

dependent PD

involves continuous need for reassurance

obsessive compulsive PD

involves perfectionism, inflexibility, and preoccupation with rules

intrusion symptoms

reliving the event ,event flashback, and nightmares

avoidance symptoms

avoidance of people., places, objects associated with trauma

negative cognitive symptoms

amnesia, negative mood and emotions

arousal symptoms

increases startle response, irritability, anxiety

dissociative amnesia

inability to recall past experience without an underlying neurological disorder in severe forms may involve dissociative fugue

schizophrenia

associated with genetic factors, birth trauma, adolescent marijuana use, and family history. There are high levels of dopaminergic transmission

depression

accompanied by high levels of glucocorticoids, and low levels of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine

bipolar disorders

accompanied by high levels of norepinephrine and serotonin. They are also highly heritable

alzheimer’s disease (AD)

associated with genetic factors, brain atrophy, decreases is acetylcholine, senile plaques of beta amyloid and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins

parkinson’s disease

associated with bradykinesia, resting tremor, pill rolling tremor, masklike facies, cogwheel rigidity, and shuffling gait. There is decreased production of dopamine by cells in the substantia nigra