Livestock Fluid Therapy

Adult maintenance

2-3ml/kg/hr

Neonates maintenance

3-4ml/kg/hr

Maintenance indications

-pt not drinking for extended period of time

-vehicle fir fixing electrolyte/acid base/energy disturbance

-increased maintenance requirement in face of increased metabolic rate

What is the best labwork indication for dehydration?

USG if the kidneys are working!

>1.025 adults

>1.014 neonates

What is important to note about lactate?

It will be elevated in goats and camelids when they are stressed

What is important to note about pre-renal azotemia

Creatinine >1.8 EXCEPT in camelids cause they always run higher

When to not give fluids PO

-pigs

-ileus/V+ animal

-bloated animal

What type of fluid?

-isotonic (balanced crystalloid, 0.9% saline, isotonic bicarbonate, D5W)

-hypertonic saline

Oral fluid rules

Give a minimum of 20L, up to 40-60L. Rumen volume in adult cattle is 15% of BW

What animals are susceptible to fluid overload?

Camelids and neonates

How to calculate base deficit

-(30-TCO2)

How to calculate bicarbonate needs

Weight (kg) x 0.6 x base deficit

How to correct the base deficit

Correct half of it as a slow bolus and then give the remainder over 12-24 hours. Can give sodium bicarbonate or baking sode in sterile water to make isotonic bicarbonate which contains 150meq of NaHCO3

SID

Na + K - Cl

Normal = 40 in all spp

NaCl in terms of SID

Acidifying solution

Plasmalyte in terms of SID

Alkalinizing solution

Causes of high anion gap

Ketones

Lactate

Uremic acids

Ethylene glycol

Hypocalcemia (<1.1mmol/L)

-give 1 bottle Calcium gluconate per cow IV

-can give PO but is irritating to trachea and can puncture larynx easily

Hypokalemia (<3mmol/L)

-max rate before cardiac monitoring = 0.5meq/kg/hr

-hold at level of head of cow, no higher

-20meq/L is standard

Hyperkalemia (>5mmol/L)

-common in blocked goats

-dextrose 1-2x maintenance

-isotonic with low K (0.9% NaCl)

-calcium gluconate

-insulin

-MAKE SURE SAMPLE IS NOT HEMOLYZED

When do we worry about energy needs?

-adult off feed > 2 days

-neg energy balance

-neonate off feed > 4-6hrs

-sepsis, hyperinsulinemia, liver dz (HYPOGLYCEMIA)

Glucose maintenance rates

-adult ruminant 0.7-1 mg/kg/min

-adult monogastrics 2mg/kg/min

-neonates 4-8mg/kg/min

Treatment of hypoglycemia

-karo syrup PO

-dextrose IV maintenance

-in a pinch? 0.2ml/kg 50% dextrose IV

Treatment of hyperglycemia

Insulin SQ 0.1-0.2mg/kg q6hr