Anatomy lab practical 2

Axial

head, neck, trunk.

Appendicular skeleton

Anchors to axial skeleton.

Ossification

Formation of bones.

Bones from either

Intramembranous origins (connective tissue into flat bones) or endochondral origins (hyaline cartilage turns into most bones.)

Adults have how many bones?

206

Infants have how many bones?

About 275

Axial consists of…

Skull, vertebral column, rib cage, hyoid bone.

Appendicular consists of…

Pectoral girdle, arm, hand, pelvic girdle, leg, foot.

Projections (10)

Sites for tendon and ligament attachment

Articulations (3)

Where bones connect at a join or articulate with each other.

Depressions (5)

Recessed areas in bones

Openings (5)

Open spaces in bones.

crest (projections)

ridgelike

epicondyle (projections)

superior to condyle

line (linea) (projections)

slightly raised ridge

process (projections)

prominent

protuberance (projections)

outgrowth

ramus (projection)

extension

spine (projections)

thornlike

trochanter (projections)

large; located on femur bone

tubercle (projections)

small knoblike

tuberosity (projections)

rough elevation

condyle (articulations)

rounded process

facet (articulations)

nearly flat

head (articulations)

expanded end

alveolus (depression)

socket

fossa (depression)

shallow basin

fovea (depression)

tiny pit

notch (depression)

indentation on edge

sulcus (depression)

narrow groove

canal (openings)

tubular passage

fissure (openings)

slit

foramen (openings)

hole

meatus (openings)

tubelike opening

sinus (openings)

cavity

Axial skeleton

skull, cranium, face, middle ear bone, hyoid bone (supports tongue), vertebral column, vertebra, sacrum, coccyx, thoracic cage, rib, sternum.

Appendicular skeleton

pectoral girdle, scapula, clavicle, upper limbs, humerus, radius, ulna, carpal, metacarpal, phalanx, pelvic girdle, hip bone, lower limbs, femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsal, metatarsal, phalanx.

flexion lateral flexion

decrease of an angle, bending the trunk

extension hyperextension

increase of an angle, extension beyond anatomical position

abduction

movement of a body part away from the midline

adduction

movement of a body part toward the midline

circumduction

circular movement of a limb or body part, combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

rotation, medial and lateral

movement of a part around its axis

gliding

a smooth sliding movement of one bone over another without angular or rotary motion.

supination

rotating the forearm so the palm faces up

pronation

Rotate the forearm so the palm faces down

elevation

movement of body part upwards

depression

movement of a body part downward

dorsiflexion

movement of the ankle so the dorsum of the foot is closer to the anterior surface of the legs (standing on heels)

plantar flexion

movement of the ankle joint so the dorsum of the foot becomes closer to the posterior surface of the legs (standing on tiptoes)

inversion

medial movement of the sole of the foot at the ankle joint

eversion

lateral movement of the sole of the foot at the ankle joint

protraction

anterior movement in the transverse plane

retraction

posterior movement in the transverse plane.

excursion, lateral and medial

special movement of the mandible when grinding food

opposition

movement of the thumb to touch another finger of the same hand

reposition

return of the thumb to anatomical