WH Final Study Guide

Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)

Latin American pro line economic base governed in style (they governed based on what made the most money) they attempted to break relations with the US and failed

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy to improve relations with nations of central and south america, leadership emphasized cooperation over military force to maintain stability

Pan-Africanism

movement to create brotherhood and collaboration among all people of African descent, regardless if they lived in/outside of africa

Apartheid

a policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race, laws in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas

Balfour Declaration

Public statement by british govt. in 1917 during wwI creating a 'national home for jewish people' in palestine in exchange for jews help in wwI

Long March

The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek.

May Fourth Movement

Chinese cultural and anti-imperialist movement against the Treaty of Versailles and foreign influence that grew from student protests in Beijing - may 4, 1919

Manchurian Incident

also known as Mukden Incident, 1931, Japanese army officers blew up their own railroad and claimed the Chinese did it

League of Nations and Japanese invasion in manchuria

league recommended manchuria become a state under chinese sovereignty, invasion also showed weakness of league

Tripartite Pact

Signed between Axis powers in 1940 (Italy, Germany and Japan) where they pledged to help the others in the event of an attack by the US

Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis

Alliance between Italy, Germany, and Japan, fought against allies in wwII

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Agreement between many nations to outlaw war signed August 27, 1928

Scopes Trial

"Monkey Trial" - 1925 trial against Tennessee teacher John T. Scopes for violating the Butler Act and teaching Darwin's Theory of Evolution

Prohibition

Law from 1920 - 1933 preventing the manufacturing, sale, and transportation of alcohol

Capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit

buying on margin

buying stocks by paying only a small percentage of the price and borrowing the rest

Market Speculation

risky investment in the stock market in the hope of quick, high profits

Totalitarianism

government where ruler is an absolute dictator, government has total control over the lives of individual citizens

Fascism

political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition, govt controls business and labor

Stalin's Five Year Plan

rapid industrial growth, strengthen national defense, modernize soviet economy

command economy

economy where production, investment, prices, and incomes are determined centrally by a government.

Gulags

Forced labor camps set up by Stalin in eastern Russia. Dissidents (person who opposes authority) were sent to the camps, where conditions were brutal, Millions died

Collectivization

turning farms into state controlled enterprises, allowed govt to control people easily

The Great Purge

A campaign of terror directed at eliminating anyone who threatened/opposed Stalin's power

Russification

process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian empire, non-russians involuntarily and voluntarily give up their culture for russian ways of life, tried to prevent future uprisings against russian power

Comintern

known as Third International or Communist International, was a soviet-controlled international organization founded in 1919 that advocated for world communism

Weimar Republic

founded after WWI and the downfall of the German Empire's monarchy, also known as German Reich or German Republic, from November 9, 1918 to March 23, 1933, was a constitutional federal republic

Mein Kampf

"My Struggle" - book written by Adolf Hitler while he was in jail (1923-1924), it later became the basic book of nazi goals and ideologies

Gestapo

Nazi secret police

Third Reich

The Third Republic of Germany established by Adolf Hitler in the 1930s.

Spanish Civil War

1936 - rebellion erupted in Spain, General Francisco Franco led the rebellion, revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers, Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help franco - hitler used this as a testing ground for his armies

Nuremburg Laws

1935 - deprived german jews of their citizenship

Kristallnacht

1938 - night of broken glass, gestapo raided jewish homes & places of worship, destroyed them and took many jews to concentration/death camps

Anschluss

March 1938 - union of austria and germany

Sudetenland

an area in western Czechoslovakia that was wanted by Hitler

Annexation of Czechoslovakia

September 1938 - Munich agreement gave hitler sudetenland land, five months later, hitler violated agreement and invaded, took rest of Czechoslovakia

Munich Pact

1938 - great britain, france, italy, and germany sign munich agreement - Czechoslovakia gives up sudeten region to nazi germany to appease hitler

Appeasement

Accepting demands in order to avoid conflict

Magniot Line

French line of defenses along their border with Germany

German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

August 1939 - agreement between Hitler and Stalin not to attack each other (allowed for germany victories in the east without worry of west)

Blitzkrieg

lightning warfare - germans used this against poland in 1939

Dunkirk

city in northern France on North Sea where miracle at dunkirk occured - 330,000 Allied troops were evacuated from the beaches at Dunkirk by british as germans passed maginot line

Battle of Britain

aerial battle fought in wwII of British and German air forces fought over Britain during 1940-1941, extensive bombing in Britain occurred

Luftwaffe

German Air Force

Final Solution (to the Jewish Question)

shipped jews to concentration/death camps

Land-Lease Act

law passed in 1941, allowed us president to lend/sell materials to any country deemed vital to the countries defense

Atlantic Charter

august 1941 - signed between roosevelt and churchill, laid foundation for united nations, not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII, and to work for peace after the war

The Big Three

allies during WWII - Soviet Union - Stalin, United Kingdom - Churchill, United States - Roosevelt

Battle of Coral Sea

may 4 - 8 1942 - major naval battle between imperial japanese navy and the navy & air forces of the us and australia - stopped the Japanese advance on Australia.

Battle of Midway

1942 wwII battle between the US and Japan, turning point in the war in the Pacific theater - island hopping was introduced and used, us defeated japanese attack against midway atoll

Island Hopping Campaign

US strategy to reach mainland Japan by capturing key islands, attacking one island and skipping/leaving another

Battle of Stalingrad

Unsuccessful German attack on city of Stalingrad during wwII from 1942 - 1943, was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union, deadliest battle of wwII

D-Day

June 6 1944, allied invasion of normandy known as operation overload/operation neptune/d-day, largest seaborne invasion in history

Battle of the Bulge

(Ardennes offensive) last major german offensive campaign on western front

VE Day

May 8, 1945 - victory in Europe - day when the Germans surrendered

Holocaust

genocide of over 6 million european jews during wwII 1941 - 45 by hitler and the nazis

Manhattan Project

code name for the secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb.

Hiroshima

City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945, bombing hastened end of wwII

Nagasaki

Japanese city, second atomic bomb was dropped August 9, 1945

Cold War

conflict between US and Soviet Union after wwII, nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield, deadly threats went on for years

superpowers

a world leader, (us and soviet union)

Red Scare

propagandized, anti-Communism movement show trial, a witch hunt for communists

Marshall Plan

1948 - american initiative to provide foreign aid to western europe after wwII

Truman Doctrine

1947 - President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

UN Security Council

15-member panel which bears the UN's major responsibility for keeping international peace.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization - alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by another country - US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Berlin Blockade

April 1 1948 - Soviet blocking of Berlin from allies - caused the Berlin Airlift

Berlin Airlift

airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

Warsaw Pact

a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War

Bay of Pigs

unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961, which was sponsored by the United States CIA. Its purpose was to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.

Cuban Missile Crisis

The 1962 confrontation between US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba

"Ataturk" Mustafa Kemal

Founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey (1881-1938)- as military commander and leader of the Turkish national movement, he made Turkey into a secular state

Mohandas Gandhi

Indian leader who used nonviolent methods to seek independence from Great Britain

Albert Einstein

German physicist who developed the theory of relativity

Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd US President - began New Deal programs to help the us out of the Great Depression, was the nation's leader during most of WWII

Benito Mussolini

(1883-1945) Italian leader. He founded the Italian Fascist Party, and sided with Hitler and Germany in wwII, 1945 he was overthrown and assassinated by Italian Resistance

Joseph Stalin

Communist dictator of the Soviet Union led 1924 - 1953

Adolf Hitler

German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)

Harry S Truman

Became president when FDR died, 33rd president - gave the order to drop the atomic bomb

What methods did Gandhi use against the British?

passive, non-aggressive peaceful protesting

Why did Palestine become a source of conflict after WWI?

It was going to be the Jewish homeland, zion movement, jewish moving

Effects and changes in japan during 1920s

they became more industrialized and militarized

Why were Indians upset with the British prior to and during WWII?

British were using them for free labor and taking advantage of them

Effects of prohibition in the US

rise in organized crime, illegal production and sale of alcohol,

Why did the Japanese invade Manchuria in 1931?

the need for resources for their military and country

compare post wwI economic situations in britain, france, and us

all are similar, us, britain, and france all expirenced economic downfall, low trade, high unemployment, other major economic events like the great depression

how did the great depression begin and spread

european nations depended on american financing, due to smoot-hawley tariff world trade fell, stocks fell, banks failed, major panic occurred, buying on margin contributed to fall - world relations spread it

how did us government react to great depression

FDRs New Deal was approved, provided funding and relief for unemployed

Compare fascism and communism

Communism - classless society, no private ownership of land or property, Fascism - supports private property, believes each society class has a place and a function, Both - control all human activities, glorifies military, no individual rights, and have total control of press

How and why did fascism rise in Italy?

Disorder and discontent in Italy, Benito Mussolini organized supporters (Black Shirts), after March to Rome he is appointed Prime Minister, suppresses opposition and creates a totalitarian state

Problems of the Weimar Republic

it was controlled by the league of nations, people didn't support it

Goals of Nazism under Hitler

create a perfect race/aryan race, and kill all jews,

Hitler rise to power

after wwI and extreme political and economic crisis, germans were willing to accept any leadership to avoid war, he became chancellor, enabling act helped encourage his power

Why did european countries and leaders adopt the policy of appeasement and what were the goals of appeasement?

Many adopted appeasement to avoid war, goal was to avoid war with germany because Hitler wanted to expand german territory

Significance of the Spanish Civil War prior to WWII

war broke out due to nationalists attempt to overthrow democratic government, hitler used war to test new german military equipment

Why did hitler sign the nazi-soviet non aggression pact

to prevent germany from facing a two-front war

What event started WWII?

German invasion of Poland - sept 1, 1939, using blitzkrieg

Why did Hitler invade the Soviet Union?

wanted it's natural resources, to crush communism/defeat Stalin, for more 'living space' for germans, and to destroy Stalin's 'Jewish Bolshevist' regime

What caused the U.S. to enter WWII?

Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor - Dec 7, 1941

How did the U.S. invasion of Iwo Jima and Okinawa influence the U.S. in the dropping of the atomic bombs?

US wanted to avoid major loss of life if they invaded the Japanese home islands - bombs would save many lives and end war without invasion