Advanced History Reading Extra

How did some Italian thinkers view the middle ages? Using what you know about the middle ages, why might they think that way?

A handful of Italian thinkers declared they were living in a new age. They were excited that the middle ages were over. They said, "the New Age would be a rebirth of a learning literature, art, and culture."

According to the text, what makes the Renaissance different from the middle ages?

The renaissance was the new age of learning literature, art, and culture

Explain how Italy, and especially the city state Florence, became the birthplace of the Renaissance

Florence was an independent republic. It was a banking and commercial capital. Wealthy Florentines flaunt their money by becoming patrons, or supporters of artists and intellectuals

What did Renaissance era writers study and rediscover? How could you use this to understand why they saw the Renaissance as a rebirth?

They traveled around Italy, studying ancient ruins and rediscovering Greek and Roman text. Before the renaissance, the riders had to devote themselves to ordinary jobs or today asceticism of the monastery. Now they get to enjoy their jobs

Explain how humanism "formed the governing intellectual principle" of the renaissance

Secularism is "what formed the governing intellectual principle." It is the appreciation of physical beauty and achievements of men

Explain this significant contributions of Da Vinci, Gallileo Galilee, and Johan Gutenberg

Da Vinci created detailed scientific "studies" of objects ranging from flying machines to submarines. He also created pioneering studies of human anatomy. Gallileo Galilee investigated one natural law after another. By dropping different sized cannon balls from the top of a building, for instance, he proved that all objects fall at the same rate of acceleration. He also build a powerful telescope and use it to show that the earth and other planets revolved around the sun, and not the other way around. Gutenberg invented the mechanical movable type printing press and made it possible to make books and other things

Explain how the Renaissance encourage the scientific advancements

Humanism encouraged people to be curious and to question received wisdom. It also encouraged people to use experimentation and observation to solve earthly problems. As a result, people were more knowledgeable and much more technology was formed

Why were reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry V111 so important to the reformation?

A. They challenged papal Authority and questioned the Catholic church's ability to define Christian practice

B. They argued for a religious and political redistribution of power into the hands of Bible and pamphlet reading pastors and princes

What did this lead to?

A. Triggered wars

B. Persecutions and so-called counter-reformation

C. The catholic church's delayed but forceful response to the protestants

What event started the protestant reformation?

The publication of Martin Luther's 95 theses

How did the end of the reformation positively affect Germany?

A. The end of the reformation allowed for the coexistence of Catholicism and Lutheranism in Germany

B. The treaty and ending of the 30 years war also ended during the reformation

What were the key ideas of the Reformation and how did reformers get their ideas to a larger audience?

A. The key ideas of the reformation - a call to purify the church and a belief that the Bible, not tradition, should be the sole source of spiritual authority

B. They use the power of the printing press to give their ideas to others

What was the consequence for Martin Luther when he posted his 95 theses?

He was summoned up before the Diet of Worms and excommunicated

What could be a piece of evidence that shows that Martin Luther's efforts were successful?

German peasants were inspired and revolted in 1524 by the reformation the end, Lutheranism had become the state religion throughout much of Germany, Scandinavia, and the Baltics

What did John Calvin's doctor emphasize and what were the results of this in Switzerland and other European countries?

A. Stressed God's power and humanities predestined fate

B. The result was a theocratic regime of enforced, austere morality

C. His doctrine quickly spread to Scotland, France, Transylvania and the low countries, where are Dutch Calvinism became a religious and economic force for the next 400 years

Why did Henry VIII break away from the Catholic Church?

Pope Clement V11 refuse to annul Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he could remarry

What did this cause Henry to do?

Henry dissolved England's monasteries to confiscate their wealth and worked to place the Bible in the hands of the people. In 1536, every parish was required to have a copy

Why was Elizabeth the first important in the growth of the English church?

During her 44 year reign, she cast the church of England as a middle way between Calvinism and Catholicism, with vernacular worship and a revised book of common prayer

What was the counter-reformation?

Movement to reform the Catholic Church

In what ways did the counter reformation change the Catholic Church?

It grew more spiritual, more literate, and more educated

Aside from religious changes in Europe, how else did the Reformation and counter-reformation create change, for the better offer the worst?

The reformation and the counter reformation created change negatively by creating decades of rebellions and wars and bloody persecutions. They also show positive repercussions which can be seen in the intellectual and cultural flourishing and inspired on all sides of the schism - in the strengthened universities of Europe, the Lutheran church music of J.S. Bach, the baroque alter pieces of Pieter Paul Rubens and even capitalism of dutch Calvinist merchants