Chemistry Organic Synthesis

Reagents, catalysts and conditions needed for different organic synthesis routes

Alkane to haloalkane

Reagent: halogen

Catalyst: UV

Alkene to alkane

Reagent: H₂

Catalyst: Ni

Alkene to haloalkane

Reagent: Hydrogen halide

Alkene to alcohol

Reagent: steam

Catalyst: H₃PO₄

Alcohol to alkene

Catalyst: concentrated H₂SO₄

Haloalkane to alcohol

Catalyst: NaOH_(aq)

Conditions: reflux

Alcohol to haloalkane

Reagent: sodium halide

Catalyst: H₂SO₄

Primary alcohol to aldehyde

Catalyst: K₂Cr₂O₇/H₂SO₄

Conditions: distillation

Primary alcohol to carboxylic acid

Catalyst: K₂Cr₂O₇/H₂SO₄

Conditions: Reflux

Secondary alcohol to ketone

Catalyst: K₂Cr₂O₇/H₂SO₄

Conditions: Reflux

Haloalkane to nitrile

Reagent: NaCN

Haloalkane to amine

NH₃/ethanol

Nitrile to amine

H₂/Ni catalyst

Reduction

Aldehyde to alcohol

NaBH₄/H₂O

Aldehyde to hydroxynitrile

NaCN/H⁺

Nucleophilic addition

Nitrile to carboxylic acid

H₂O/HCl

Hydrolysis

Alcohol to ester

Carboxylic acid/H₂SO₄

Esterification

Carboxylic acid to ester

Alcohol/H₂SO₄

Esterification

Ester to carboxylic acid

Dilute acid

Hydrolysis

Ester to sodium salt of carboxylic + alcohol

NaOH_(aq)

Alkaline hydrolysis

Carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

SOCl₂

Acyl chloride to carboxylic acid

H₂O

Acyl chloride to ester

Alcohol

Acyl chloride to primary amide

NH₃

Acyl chloride to secondary amide

Primary amine