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Key terms, people, places, and events from APUSH textbook
How The Other Half Lives
1890 book by Jacob A. Riis detailing the squalid conditions endured by New York City’s lower class
Corrupt Practices Acts
State laws that limited the amounts candidates could spend on campaigns, and limited size of corporate gifts that could be accepted by candidates
Millionare’s Club
Pejorative term for the Senate, referencing the corporate influence of Congress and the disproportionate wealth of senators
Australian Ballot
private ballots for elections intended to curb vote buying
Initiative
voters can suggest legislation directly, bypassing state legislatures
Referendum
laws are placed on election ballots for direct approval by voters
Recall
voters can elect to remove corrupt or inefficient officials
17th Amendment
1913 Constitutional amendment that established direct election of Senators by the people
Social Gospel
A reform movement led by Protestant ministers who used religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor. Popular at the turn of the twentieth century, it was closely linked to the settlement-house movement, which brought middle-class, Anglo-American service volunteers into contact with immigrants and working people.
Galveston, Texas
Texas city that appointed a commission of city managers to manage urban affairs in 1901, model for later commission
Muller v. Oregon
1908 landmark Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of laws restricting the number of hours women could work
Lochner v. New York
1905 Supreme Court case invalidating a New York law limiting the work day of bakers to 10 hours
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
1911 factory fire in New York City that killed 146 mostly immigrant women due to egregious violations of the fire code, highlighted the need for stricter labor safety laws
Worker’s Compensation
Insurance for workers injured in on-the-job accidents
Women’s Christian Temperance Union
anti-liquor organization founded by Frances E. Willard, who prayed on saloon floors. Became the largest organization of women in the world, with over 1 million members
Dry Laws
local, county, and state laws the restricted alcohol and saloons, largely in rural areas. ½ of population lived in dry areas by WW1, ¾ of people lived in places that banned saloons
Wet territory
areas where alcohol was legal, largely immigrant-filled big cities, whose residents were accustomed to the unrestricted drinking in Europe
18th Amendment
1919 Constitutional Amendment that outlawed the production, distribution, and sale of alcohol
Three C’s
Roosevelt’s social program of Control of the Corporations, Consumer protection, and Conservation of natural resources, outlined the “Square Deal” for capital, labor, and the public
Anthracite Coal Strike
1902 coal strike in Pennsylvania, in which 140,000 mostly immigrant miners demanded a 20% pay raise and a 9 hour work day, disrupted production and caused hospitals to not be able to get heat
George F. Baer
Spokesman for mine owners who said that workers would be cared for by owners who were bestowed with the property by God, swayed public opinion in favor of workers
White House meeting
Roosevelt called for a meeting between labor representatives and mine owners, owners agreed to arbitration under threat of government seizure of mines. Strike ends with a 10% pay raise and a 9 hour work day, union was never recognized as a bargaining agent
Lassiez-Faire
low-regulation capitalism that defined the Gilded Age
Wealth Against Commonwealth
Henry D. Lloyd’s 1894 book attacking the Standard Oil Company
The Theory of the Leisure Class
Thorstein Veblen’s 1899 book which attacked the newly rich with their “predatory wealth”, “conspicuous consumption”, and useless “business”, urges social leaders to sway away from these men
Muckrakers
term used by Theodore Roosevelt in 1906 to describe young investigative journalists who wrote human interest stories and exposés about corruption and subpar living conditions in tenements, but often were sensationalistic
The Treason of the Senate
1906 Cosmopolitan article by David G. Phillips which argued that 75/90 senators represented special interest groups, corporations, and trusts rather than individual constituents, Phillips was killed in 1911 by a man he had allegedly maligned
Hepburn Act of 1906
Free passes are restricted, Interstate Commerce Commission is expanded to extend to railcar companies, and allows ICC to nullify shipping rates
Northern Securities Company
JP Morgan and James J. Hill’s railroad holdings company that sough a railroad monopoly in the Northwest, attacked by Roosevelt in 1902, NSC loses Supreme Court appeal in 1904, forcefully dissolved
Swift & Co. vs. United States
1905 Supreme Court case that outlawed the beef trust, allows federal government to attack monopolies that disrupt commerce, allows Congress to regulate meat industry
Meat Inspection Act
1906 law that allowed the USDA to inspect meat that was shipped over state lines
Elkins Act of 1903
1903 law that gave heavy fines to railroads that offered rebates and to shippers that accepted them
The Jungle
Upton Sinclair’s sensationalistic 1906 novel that highlighted the shady and disgusting practices of the meatpacking industry, shocked the nation, including Roosevelt, who ordered a sanitation investigation in Chicago
Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
1906 law outlawing the mislabeling or adulterating of food that was sold across state lines
Desert Land Act of 1877
1877 law which allowed the government to sell dry desert land for cheap under the condition that the buyer would irrigate the land within 3 years
Forest Reserve Act of 1891
1891 law authorizing the president to designate public forests as national parks and nature reserves, protecting them from logging and development, saved 46 million acres in the 1890s
Carey Act of 1894
1894 law that distributed federal land to the states under the condition that it was to be irrigated and settled
Gifford Pinchot
Head of the Federal Division of Forestry, notable early conservationist, believed that “wilderness was waste”
Newlands Act of 1902
1902 law that authorized the federal government to collect money from the sale of desert lands in western states and to use the money to fund irrigation projects
Roosevelt Dam
Dam constructed on Arizona’s Salt River thanks to the Newlands Act, dedicated to Roosevelt in 1911
The Call of the Wild
Jack London’s 1903 novel about a sled dog in the Klondike Gold Rush who escapes his kidnappers and lives in the wild, popular among city dwellers that were worried about the societal and environmental effects of urbanization
Hetch Hetchy Controversy
Controversial 1913 federal decision to allow San Francisco to construct a dam in Yosemite National Park to store its municipal water supply
Teddy Bear
Nickname for Theodore Roosevelt, referencing an instance in which he refused to shoot a bear that was tied up to a tree on an hunting trip, also references his conservationism
Panic of 1907
Financial crisis in October 1907 caused by a failed attempt at a large stock buyout of the United Copper Company and subsequent bank runs of institutions that lent money to investors
Aldrich-Vreeland Act of 1908
1908 law that authorized national banks to issue emergency currency backed with collateral
1908 Election
Roosevelt’s hand picked successor and former secretary of war, William Howard Taft (GOP) defeats anti-imperialist, anti-gold standard William Jennings Bryan (Democrat) and Pullman Strike hero Eugene V. Debs (Socialist), 321-162
Brownsville Affair
1906 dishonorable discharging of 150 black soldiers ordered by Roosevelt for false accusations of inciting violence in Brownsville, Texas. Not pardoned by Congress until 1972
Malefactors of Great Wealth
Term used by Roosevelt to describe trust owners who he believed engineered the Panic of 1907 to force the government to abandon antitrust cases
Dollar Diplomacy
The use of American investments and holdings to promote American interests abroad
Philander C. Knox
William Howard Taft’s Secretary of State
Manchuria Blunder
Taft and Knox’s much ridiculed 1909 failed attempt to buy out Manchurian railroads from Japan and Russia and later turn them over to China, represents an issue in the Open Door policy
Nicaraguan Revolution
Armed uprising in Nicaragua in 1912 partly caused by American interests, 2500 Marines were deployed and remained there until 1925
Standard Oil Company
Massive oil conglomerate owned by John D. Rockefeller that was ordered by the Supreme Court to be dissolved in 1911, hands down “rule of reason”
Rule of Reason
Supreme Court doctrine that declared only trusts that unreasonably restrained trade to be illegal, greatly harbors government’s ability to prosecute antitrust cases
US Steel Corporation
Large American steel company that was the subject of a Taft antitrust lawsuit, angering Roosevelt, who helped organize the targeted merger
Payne-Aldrich Bill
1909 law which increased tariffs on certain items, angering Republicans who wanted to lower the duties
Ballinger-Pinchot Quarrel
1910 quarrel resulting from Richard Ballinger, Secretary of the Interior, opening federal lands in Alaska and Wyoming to corporate development, rebuked heavily by Forestry chief Gifford Pinchot, results in taft dismissing Pinchot for insubordination
New Nationalism
Roosevelt’s 1910 Doctrine that advocated for a stronger federal government to remedy economic and social abuses
1910 Midterms
A divided Republican Party loses congressional seats in a landslide, Democrats hold 228-161 seat House majority, Republicans hold 51-41 Senate Majority
Dr. Woodrow Wilson
Democratic presidential nominee in 1912, progressive Princeton professor and later university president
New Freedom
Democratic platform in 1912 that was heavily progressive and wanted governmental power to be returned to the people
Bull-Moose Party
Roosevelt’s progressive party that ran in 1912, more of a splinter group of the Republican Party
The Promise of American Life
Herbert Croly’s 1910 book that argued for the consolidation of trusts and labor unions, along with an increase in the power of federal regulatory agencies, strongly influenced the Bull-Moose Platform
1912 Bull-Moose Platform
Consolidations of trusts and labor unions, female suffrage, minimum wage laws, publicly supported healthcare, stronger regulatory agencies
1912 Election
Democrat Woodrow Wilson receives 435 electoral votes compared to Roosevelt’s 88 and Taft’s 8, Taft later becomes Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
John Muir
(1838-1914) This noted naturalist split with conservationists like Gifford Pinchot by trying to protect natural "temples" like the Hetch Hetchy Valley from development. In 1892 he founded the Sierra Club, which is now one of the most influential conservation organizations in the United States. His writings and philosophy shaped the formation of the modern environmental movement.
Ida Tarbell
Muckraker who published a scathing history of Standard Oil Company, helped purchase American magazine in 1906
The Bitter Cry of the Children
John Spargo’s 1906 book that outlined the horrors of child labor
Dr. Harvey W Wiley
Chief chemist for the Department of Agriculture who performed various experiments on himself using dangerous consume products with his “Poison Squad”
The Financier & The Titan
Theodore Dreiser’s 1912 and 1914 novels, respectively, that bashed promoters and profiteers
Jane Addams
Reformer who spearheaded the Settlement House movement, helped immigrants assimilate while maintaining cultural practices
Following the Color Line
Ray Stannard Baker’s 1908 novel highlighting the subjugation of American blacks
Florence Kelley
Former president of Jane Addams’ Hull House, first chief factory inspector of Illinois, head of the National Consumers League
Fighting Bob La Folette
(1855-1925) Hailing from Wisconsin, La Follette was one of the most militant of the progressive Republican leaders. He served in the Senate and in the Wisconsin governor’s seat and was a perennial contender for the presidency, keeping the spirit of progressivism alive into the 1920s.
Frances E. Willard
(1839-1898) This pious leader of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union wished to eliminate the sale of alcohol and thereby "make the world more homelike." Her ecumenical "do everything" reform sensibility encouraged some women to take the leap toward more radical causes like woman suffrage while allowing more conservative women to stick comfortably with temperance work.
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