Ergogenic Aids Flashcards

Flashcards on Ergogenic Aids

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

In the United States, the __ regulates a broad spectrum of products, including food products, drugs, biologics, and medical devices, as well as finished dietary supplements and dietary ingredients.

Proxmire

The __ Amendment in 1976 negated restrictions on the potency and combinations of vitamin and mineral supplements that could be sold, which were previously enacted in 1973.

Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA)

The __ defines a dietary supplement as a product taken by mouth that contains a dietary ingredient intended to supplement the diet, including vitamins, minerals, herbs, amino acids, or other dietary substances.

FDA

For supplements containing any new dietary ingredients, the manufacturer must present sufficient evidence to the __ that the new ingredient is reasonably expected to be safe, at least 75 days before marketing the product.

Current Good Manufacturing Practices (CGMPs)

Current guidelines require all companies that manufacture, package, label, or store dietary supplements to comply with __, intended to protect consumers by ensuring the purity, quality, and composition of dietary supplements.

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

The __ primarily regulates supplement advertisement, whereas FDA guidelines regulate the labeling of dietary supplements.

third-party certification

Tactical personnel should carefully inspect the label of any potential supplement purchase and seek out products that bear logos indicating __ from a reputable company such as NSF International, Informed-Choice, or U.S. Pharmacopeia to reduce the risk of adverse events or failed drug screens.

CGMPs

Facility certification by a third-party generally includes a full audit of the manufacturing facilities to ensure that the facility complies with __ and is free of contaminants.

World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)

The __ is an independent organization that sets international standards regarding doping in athletic competition and urges athletes to practice caution regarding the use of dietary supplements.

U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA)

The __ is the national anti-doping organization in the United States and maintains a list of high-risk products that can be readily accessed by interested consumers.

Human Performance Resource Center (HPRC)

The goal of the __ is to gather and disseminate fitness, wellness, and performance-oriented information to warfighters and their families, collaborating on Operation Supplement Safety (OPSS) to inform about the benefits and risks of dietary supplements.

risks and benefits

Before purchasing, ingesting, or recommending a dietary supplement, consumers and practitioners should evaluate the potential __ of the supplement, weighing them against the cost and potential risks.

proprietary blends

To avoid high-risk dietary supplements, one should not use products with vague __ listed on the label, hormonal products, or products containing ingredients written in nomenclature similar to steroids.

risk stratification

The process of __ involves independently determining the potential risk (low, moderate, or high) of consuming a supplement, along with the potential for benefit.

anabolic compounds

Orally ingested __ have long been associated with increased risks of adverse events and failed drug screens and can often be identified by their marketing as legal steroid alternatives or potent testosterone boosters.

positive benefits

Although supplement consumption is high among tactical athletes, popular media do not recognize that many dietary supplements have yet to be evaluated in human research or have failed to demonstrate __ with low risk.

essential amino acids (EAA)

Supplemental amino acids fall into three categories: nine __, three branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), and eight conditionally essential amino acids (CEAA).

Leucine

__, isoleucine, and valine collectively compose approximately 30% of total muscle protein content and are found in high concentration in whey protein, milk, meat, fish, and eggs.

Arginine

__, the direct precursor to nitric oxide, is a potent vasodilator, potentially improving circulation and blood pressure, and is important for normal physiological function, aiding in lean body mass maintenance, wound healing, and GH stimulation.

Glutamine

__ is the most abundant amino acid in the body and is found in a number of popular supplements for recovery and immune function, though its role is minimal during healthy conditions.

EAAs or BCAAs

__ supplementation may result in reduced soreness and improved recovery, especially during endurance exercise, with more support for essential amino acids (EAAs).

Beta-alanine

__ supplementation (3.2-6.4 g per day) for at least 28 days appears to significantly elevate intramuscular carnosine levels and enhance performance in both trained and untrained people by maintaining the intramuscular pH.

Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB)

__, a natural metabolite of the essential amino acid leucine, may play an important role in the prevention of protein breakdown and upregulation of protein synthesis, especially in stressful physiologic situations.

fatigue

Caffeine, a central nervous system (CNS) and metabolic stimulant, is widely used to reduce feelings of __ and to restore mental acuity, enhancing mood, vigilance, focus, energy, and marksmanship.

PCr

Creatine is an organic compound that enhances ATP availability by increasing muscle __ storage, improving performance in high-intensity, short-duration exercise.

3 to 5 g

The safest way to use creatine is to take __ per day for 28 to 30 days, allowing muscle creatine stores to return to presupplementation levels after discontinuing the supplement.

banned ingredient

Multi-ingredient pre- and postworkout supplements have become increasingly popular, but the use of a multi-ingredient product increases the risk of consumption of a __ or an ingredient with unknown effects.

whole foods

Due to the high demands of training and other physiological demands, supplemental nutrient intake may be important in this population; The Institute of Medicine Committee recommends that nutrients be provided through __ first.

EPA

Only fish and fish oils contain __ and DHA, which are incorporated into the wall of each cell in the body and are generally regarded as safe at a daily intake of 3 g per day according to the FDA.

whey protein

Special attention should be paid to the type of protein used in supplements, and __ continues to be one of the better protein types in terms of bioavailability and effects.

citrulline malate

While evidence suggests that L-citrulline does not improve exercise performance, __ has been shown to improve repetitions to fatigue, though the underlying mechanism is not fully understood.

natural

More recently, __ sources of dietary nitrate, such as beetroot and pomegranate extract, have been studied as precursors of nitric oxide.

premarket approval

If performance enhancing substances are not classified as a drug or they are not making health claims, then they do not require __ by the FDA.

Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS)

__, synthetic derivatives of testosterone, increase muscle size via increased protein synthesis.

the pituitary gland

Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin is released from __ and is paramount for a variety of physiological actions.

EPO

Recombinant __ is commonly used by endurance athletes to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood by stimulating red blood cell production.

testosterone booster

A __ inhibits aromatase, an enzyme involved in the conversion of testosterone (an androgen) to estradiol (an estrogen).

prohormones

Common __ include dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenedione, 4-AD, 1-AD, nordiol, and other analogs and are steroid-like compounds, so most athletic organizations have banned their use.

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

__, on the WADA prohibited list, is a steroid produced naturally by the adrenal glands that serves as a precursor to the sex hormones testosterone and estradiol.

side effects

Illegal performance-enhancing substances are associated with a litany of __ and problems; AAS, GH, and blood doping (EPO) have long terms studies of the effects on morbidity and mortality.

heart attacks

The use of AAS has been strongly associated with __ and strokes, although little scientific evidence supports this report

companies

It is important to consult educational resources to help evaluate the risks and benefits of dietary supplements, due the rapid turnover of new products, formulas, and __

TSAC Facilitators

Due to the postmarket regulation of dietary supplements, __ should be knowledgeable about how to help tactical athletes perform risk stratifications of supplements before using them.