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As a crime control theory, what does general deterrence rely on?
fear of criminal penalties
Antisocial behavior leading to crime that arises from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or conduct disorder (CD) would be primarily considered a __________.
neurological factor
Which of the following would be considered a biochemical factor that could influence criminality in an individual?
high amounts of PCB in drinking water
Social structure theories equate crime with which of the following?
poverty
What is the relation of psychodynamic theory to crime?
Problems during early development cause imbalances in personality leading to deviant behavior
What is the fundamental basis for the direct genetic view of crime?
Hereditary traits are linked to criminality
How can individuals reduce active precipitation?
avoid wearing expensive jewelry in a crime-ridden neighborhood
Which of the following can cause strain resulting in economic criminal behavior?
inability of an individual to achieve financial security
What do the biochemical, neurological, and genetic views on crime causation all share?
a belief that criminal behavior is comprised of biological and sociological elements
Individuals who experience an ongoing pattern of uncooperative, defiant, and hostile behavior toward authority figures that seriously interferes with day-to-day functioning are considered to have what type of disorder?
oppositional defiant disorder
Collective efficacy is exemplified by __________.
cohesion among neighborhood residents
What is an adolescent-limited offender?
kids who get into minor scrapes as youths but whose misbehavior ends when they enter adulthood
How is poverty defined today?
a family of four with earnings of about $28,000 a year
What is the basic premise of trajectory theory?
crime is complex, and not all individuals share the same path towards criminality
What makes rational criminals?
they weigh the potential benefits and consequences of their actions
Which behavior is usually observed in those with an antisocial personality?
reckless disregard for the safety of self or others
In what way is situational crime prevention meant to control rational criminal activity?
Situational crime prevention aims to deter crime by raising the risks of the offender being caught
Which if the following is a strength of the view that genetic factors influence criminality?
it explains why a small percentage of youths in high-crime areas become chronic offenders
Which of the following persons would fit the mold for the general theory of crime?
an individual with limited self-control
What forms the basis for social learning theories?
Behaviors that lead to criminality are acquired through observation of human social interactions
Which of the following does routine activities theory hold as necessary for crime to occur?
lack of an effective policing deterrent
What provides support for critical theory?
Evidence shows that as people become economically marginalized in a society, they will turn to violent crime for survival
What is the central premise of critical criminology?
Social inequality has a noticeable effect on encouraging crime
Why does the culture of poverty have a degree of permanence?
it allows for the creation of a perpetuating underclass
What is state-organized crime?
criminal acts committed by state officials in pursuit of their jobs as government representatives
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Flashcard (90)