Chapter 3

As a crime control theory, what does general deterrence rely on?

fear of criminal penalties

Antisocial behavior leading to crime that arises from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or conduct disorder (CD) would be primarily considered a __________.

neurological factor

Which of the following would be considered a biochemical factor that could influence criminality in an individual?

high amounts of PCB in drinking water

Social structure theories equate crime with which of the following?

poverty

What is the relation of psychodynamic theory to crime?

Problems during early development cause imbalances in personality leading to deviant behavior

What is the fundamental basis for the direct genetic view of crime?

Hereditary traits are linked to criminality

How can individuals reduce active precipitation?

avoid wearing expensive jewelry in a crime-ridden neighborhood

Which of the following can cause strain resulting in economic criminal behavior?

inability of an individual to achieve financial security

What do the biochemical, neurological, and genetic views on crime causation all share?

a belief that criminal behavior is comprised of biological and sociological elements

Individuals who experience an ongoing pattern of uncooperative, defiant, and hostile behavior toward authority figures that seriously interferes with day-to-day functioning are considered to have what type of disorder?

oppositional defiant disorder

Collective efficacy is exemplified by __________.

cohesion among neighborhood residents

What is an adolescent-limited offender?

kids who get into minor scrapes as youths but whose misbehavior ends when they enter adulthood

How is poverty defined today?

a family of four with earnings of about $28,000 a year

What is the basic premise of trajectory theory?

crime is complex, and not all individuals share the same path towards criminality

What makes rational criminals?

they weigh the potential benefits and consequences of their actions

Which behavior is usually observed in those with an antisocial personality?

reckless disregard for the safety of self or others

In what way is situational crime prevention meant to control rational criminal activity?

Situational crime prevention aims to deter crime by raising the risks of the offender being caught

Which if the following is a strength of the view that genetic factors influence criminality?

it explains why a small percentage of youths in high-crime areas become chronic offenders

Which of the following persons would fit the mold for the general theory of crime?

an individual with limited self-control

What forms the basis for social learning theories?

Behaviors that lead to criminality are acquired through observation of human social interactions

Which of the following does routine activities theory hold as necessary for crime to occur?

lack of an effective policing deterrent

What provides support for critical theory?

Evidence shows that as people become economically marginalized in a society, they will turn to violent crime for survival

What is the central premise of critical criminology?

Social inequality has a noticeable effect on encouraging crime

Why does the culture of poverty have a degree of permanence?

it allows for the creation of a perpetuating underclass

What is state-organized crime?

criminal acts committed by state officials in pursuit of their jobs as government representatives