CH24: DIGESTIVE INFECTIONS

what is the primary function of the digestive system

the digestive system, also known as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, includes all the organs assoicated with the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients

what are the main organs that make up the digestive system, starting from the mouth and ending at the anus

the main organs of the digestive system include the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (which has secretions like the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), large intestine (which has secretions like the ascending, transevere, and descending colon), rectum, and anus

name the three main accessory salivary glands mention ed that contribute to digestion in the mouth

the three main salivary glands are the parotid glands, the sublingual gland, and the submandibular gland

which important organs, located in the abdomen, assist the GI tract with digestion, even through food doesnt pass through them

important accessory organs include the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

what are some key natural defenses the digestive system uses to protect itself from harmful pathogens

the digestive system uses defenses such as saliva, highly acidic stomach acid (like hydrochloric acid), specialized immune tissue known as MALT (Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid TIssue), and others

which common bacteria are known to cause diseases or infections in the disease system

common pathogenic bacteria include Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio choerae, Clostridium difficlie, Clostridium perfringens, E.coli, Heliobacter pylori, Salmonella, Shigella, and Yerisinia enterolicita

which viruses are frequently associated with digestive illnese, such as the stomach flu or hepatitis

common pathogenic viruses include Rotavirus, Norovirus, and Hepatitis A/B/C

what are the two main protoza (single-celle organisms) listed that can cause intenstinal infections

two main pathogenic protozoa are Giardia lambilia and Entamoeba histolytica

what is the general term for the various parasitic worms, also known as heminths, that can infect the digestive tract

the general term for these parasitic worms is heminths

name some specific examples of parasitic heminths that infect humans

specific pathogenic helminths include Ascaris lumbricodes, Necator americanus, Strongyloides steroralis, Enterobius vermicularis, Trichuris trichiura, Trichichenlla spiralis, and Taenia (tapeworm)

can an infection or intoxication affect only a specific part of the digestive system

no, all parts of the digestive tract can become sites of infection or intoxication

what are the most common general signs and symptoms that indicate a person has a GI disease or infection

the most common general syptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever

what are some diseases that specifically affect the mouth and teeth

common oral diseases include tooth decay, cavities, and preiodontal disease

beside specific infections, what is another type of common lesion or sore that can affect the digestive tract lining

ulcers are another type of lesion that can affect the lining of the digestive tract lining

what is gastritis

gastritis is defined as inflammation in the stomach

what is what is enteritis

enteritis is defined as inflammation in the small intestine

what is gastroenteritis, often referred to as the "stomach flu"

Gastroentertis is an infection causing inflammation in the stomach and intestines (a combination of gastritis and enteritis)

what is heaptitis

hepatitis is defined as inflammation in the liver

what is colitis

Colitis is defined as inflammation in the large intestine

what is the specific symptom that defines Dysentery

Dysentery is defined as diarrhea with blood and mucus

which secretions make up the lower GI tract, including the large intestine, rectum, and anus

the lower GI tract includes the ascending colon, descending colon, cecum, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal

what is the specific disease that affects the teeth and is also known as a cavity

the specific disease in Dental Caries, which is the fomration of cavities or holes in the teeth

what is the basic process by which disease cause Dental Caries

when food sugars enter the mouth, bacteria feed on them and produce acid, which damages the tooth surfaces; over time, this process can cause a hole (cavity)

is the process of tooth decay an aerobic or anaerobic process

the process of tooth decay is an anaerobic process (it happens in the absence of oxygen)

when does digestion start and which organs and accessory to this process in the head

digestion begins immediately when food enters the mouth. the salivary glands (parotid, sublingual, and submandibular) are accessory digestive organs

what is the specific pathogen that causes dental, also known as tooth decay

dental caries is primarily caused by the bacterium Streptococcus mutans

how is dental caries transmitted and is it considered a transmissible disease

dental caries is generally considered non-transmissible because it is caused by the overgrowth of bacteria, specifically Streptococcus mutans, which are part of the noraml oral microbiota (the bacteria naturally found in the mouth)

what is the initial substance formed by the bacteria that leads to tooth decay, and what does it

the bacteria develop in a film called plaque (or bacterial biofilm), which produces acid that then dissolves the hard outer layer of the tooth

what are the key signs and symptoms of dental caries

the key signs and symptoms include discoloration of the tooth surface, softening of the tooth structure, and the formation of cavities in the teeth

describe the three main stages of tooth decay progression

the decay starts by dissolving the enamel (the hardest component of the tooth), then progresses inward to the softer layer called dentin, and eventually, if left untreated, the lesion can reach the pulp, which is the innermost part containing nerves and blood vessels

what is the most severe outcome if the tooth decay reaches the pulp and is left untreated

if the decay reaches the pulp and is left untreated, it can cause a bacterial infection and inflammation in the bone tissue at the rooth of the tooth, resulting in a painful pocket of pus called an abscess

what are the common diagnostic tests used by dentists to identify dental caries

dentists primarily use visual examinations to spot discoloration or surface changes, and X-rays (radiographs) to detect decay, espeically in between teeth or under existing fillings, which are not visible to the eye

what type of antimicrobial drugs are often used to help prevent or treat dental caries

common antimicrobial drugs used for dental caries prevention and management are oral antiseptics, such as Listerine, which help reduce the overall bacterial load in the mouth

describe what tartar (dental calculus) is and where it is typically visible on the teeth

tartar, also known as the dental calculus, is a hard deposit that is typically visible as darker, often yellowish, staining thta is higher (closer to the gum line) on the crowns and at the bases of the teeth

how does the initail visual sign of tooth decay differ from the advanced decay or a finished cavity

initial tooth decay may only show a small amount of visible decay on the surface of the tooth, whereas more advanced decay may involve a larger hole or cavity that is clearly visible after some of the tooth structure is removed

why is an X-ray necessary to diagnose tooth decay, even if a small spot of decay is visible on the surface

an X-ray is necessary because it can show a dark area that represents more decay inside the tooth than is visible on the surface, confiriming the extent and severity of the damage

what is the essential first step in treating a cavity caused by tooth decay

the essential first step in treating a cavity is the removal of all decayed material from the tooth before it can be filled or restored

what is revealed once a portion of the tooth crown is removed during treatment

once a portion of the crown is removed, the procedure reveals the location of the deeper damage and allows the dentist to access and clean out to the extent of the cavity

what are two main types of preiodontal disease

the two main types of periodontal diseases are gingivitis and periodinitis

what is the primary difference between gingivitis and periodontitis regarding reversibility

gingivitis is reversible, meaning the gums can return to a healthy state, but periodontitis is not reversible (though it can be managed)

what general term describes the redness and irritation of the gums

the general term for the redness and irritation of the gums is gingivitis, which is the first stage of periodontial disease

describe the apperance of healthy gums

healthy gums are pink, firm, and hold the teeth tightly without bleeding

what are the specific signs and symptoms of gingivitis and periodontitis

signs and symptoms include inflammation and erosion of the gums, bleeding, halitosis (bad breath), and in advanced infections, the erosion of the cementum, leading to tooth loss

what is the condition known as gingivitis (the first stage of periodontal disease)

gingivitis is the first stage where the gum tissue becomes inflamed and irriated, often with occasional bleeding

what is the condition known as periodontitis

periodontitis is a more advanced stage where the gums recede (pull back) and exposure parts of the tooth that are normally covered, and bleeding is common

what is the condition known as advanced periodontitis

advanced periodontitis is the most severe stage where the infections has spread, causing the destruction of the ligaments and bone tissue that support the teeth, which often leads to tooth loss

what are the three main pathogens (types of bacteria) that cause gingivitis and peritonitis

the main pathogens are Porphyromonas, Streptococcus, and Actinomyces

how is gingivitis/periodontitis transmitted

the disease is considered non-transmissible because it is caused by the dysfunction of the normal oral microbiota (bacteria naturally present in the mouth)

what are the two main diagnostic tests used to identify this disease

the main diagnostic tests are a visual examination and X-rays, often involving the densist measuring pockets (gaps) in the gums

what are some common antimicrobial drugs used to treat this disease

common antimicrobial drugs include tetracycline, doxycline, macrolides, or beta-lactams, and sometimes a mixture of these antibiotics may be given

what might be necessary in cases of advanced peridonotis

in advanced periodontitis, tooth loss may occur, or the teeth may be surgically removed if the infection is severe and spreading

what is the specific name for the condition also known as Trench Mouth

the specific name for Trench Mouth is Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis

what are the primary pathogens associated with Trench Mouth

the primary pathogens associated with Trench Mouth are Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium species, Treponema vincentii, and other microbes

what are the distinctive signs and symptoms of Trench Mouth

the signs and symptoms include the erosion of gums, the presence of ulcers, substantial pain with chewing, and haliosis (severe bad breath)

how is Trench Mouth transmitted

Trench Mouth is considered non-transmissible as it is caused by members of the normal oral microbiota

what diagnostic tests are used to confirm Trench Mouth

diagnosis of Trench Mouth is typically based on visual examination and X rays

what antimicrobial drugs are commonly used to treat Trench Mouth

the antimicrobial drugs used to treat Trench Mouth include Amoxicillin, Amoxicillin-Clavulanate, Clindamycin, or Doxycycline

what is the common name for oral infection characterized by lesions in the mouth

the oral infection is called Herpetic Gingivostomatitis

what specific microbe is the pathogen responsible for causing Herpetic Gingivostomatitis

the pathogen is Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1)

what are the primary signs and symptoms of Herpetic Gingivostomatitis that occur inside the mouth

the primary signs are lesions (sores) in the mucous membrane of the mouth, and the infection can cause an acute (severe) presentation

what common, visible lesion seen on the lips is also caused by the HSV-1 virus

the HSV-1 virus also causes cold sores, which appear as blisters on or around the lips

describe the typical apperance of the oral lesions associated with Herpetic Gingivostomatitis

the oral lesions are often red, inflamed sores or ulcers found throughout the mouth, including on the palate, tongue, and throat

how is Herpetic Gingivostomatitis primarily transmitted between people

transmission occurs through contact with the saliva or direct contact with the lesions of an infected person

what are the standard diagnostic tests used to confrim a case of Herpetic Gingibostomatitis

the standard diagnostic tests include a culture of the virus from the lesions or a biopsy of the infected tissue

what category of drugs is used to treat Herpetic Gingibostatomatiits

antimicrobial drugs are used, specifically a type of medication known as antivirals, because hte cause is a virus (HSV-1)

name the three most common antiviral drugs used to treat Herpetic Gingivostomatitis

the common antiviral drugs prescribed are Acyclovir, Famicickovir, and Valacyclovir

what is the common name for the oral infection characterized by white patches in the mouth

the oral infection is called Oral Thrush

what specific type of microbe is the pathogen responsible for causing Oral Thrush

the pathogen is a fungus, primarily Candida albicans, or other Candida species (spp.)

what are the primary visible signs and symptoms of Oral Thrush

the primary signs are white patches and pseudomembranes (a type of false membrane covering a surface) inside the mouth

what complication can occur if the white patches of Oral Thrush are scraped or distrubed

the patches may cause bleeding if they are removed

describe the appearance of Oral Thrush inside the mouth

Oral Thrush appears as a creamy-white, curd-like layer if patches (overgrowth of Candida) on the tongue, inside the cheeks, and on the throat

how is Oral Thrush typically transmiteed between people

Oral Thrush is generally non-transmissible from person to person because it is caused by an overgrowth of Candida species that are already a normal part of the oral microbiota

what populations are primarily affected by Oral Thrush

this condition primarily affects infants and individuals who are immunocompromised, as well as people who use inhaled steroids for conditions like asthma

what is the standard diagnostic treat used to confirm a case of Oral Thrush

the standard diagnostic test is a microscopic analysis of oral samples (a swab or scraping) to identify the fungus

what category of drugs is used to treat Oral Thrush, and why

antimicrobial drugs are used, specifically antifungals, because the infection is caused by a fungus

name the common antifungal drugs used to treat Oral Thrush

common antifungal drugs include clotrimazole, nystatin, fluconazole, or itraconazole

what drug is reserved for severe cases of Oral Thrush

Amphotericin B is an antifungal drug used in more severe cases of the infection

what is the common name or alternate term for Mumps

Mumps is also known as Epidemic Parotitis because of how contagious and widespread it can be, causing swelling of the parotid glands

what is the specific pathogen that causes Mumps

Mumps is caused by the Mumps virus, which belongs to the paramyxovirus family

what is the typical age group or population affected by Mumps

Mumps can affect anyone, but it's often seen in children and young adults, especially in unvaccinated populations

what is the most characteristic and visible sign of Mumps

the most characteristic sign is the swelling of the parotid glands, which are salivary glands, which are salivary glands located in front of and below the ears, making the face look puffy

bsides gland swelling, what are the common early symptoms of Mumps

common symptoms include fever, headache, muscle pain, weakness, fatigue, and loss of appetite, often accompanied by pain while chewing

what are the serious complications that can occur with Mumps

in serious cases, Mumps can lead to complications such as encephalitis (brain inflammation), menigititis (inflammation of brain and spinal cord lining), and inflammation of the testes, ovaries, or breasts

how is the Mumps virus transmitted from an infected person to another

Mumps is highly contagious and spreads through contact with saliva or respiratory droplets released when an infected person coughs or sneezes

does Mumps always cause noticeable symptoms

no, mumps can be subclinical, meaning a person may be infected and contagious but show asymptomatic or very mild symptoms

is there a specific antiviral drug used to treat Mumps

no, there is no specific antimicrobial drug or treatment for Mumps once a person is infected; treatment focuses only on relieving the symptoms, as it is a self-limiting disease

how is Mumps primarily prevented

the primary method of prevention is the MMR vaccine, which protects against Measles, Mumps, and Rubella

what are the diagnostic tests used to confirm a Mumps infection

Mumps can be diagnosed using virus culture or serologic tests for antibodies, as well as techniques like enzyme immunoassay and RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction

what kind of immunity does a person develop after recovering from Mumps

after recovering from a Mumps infection, a person typically develops lifelong immunity to the disease

what is a potential long-term effect of Mumps especially in males

Mumps, particularly if it causes testicular inflammation, can cause infertility by leading to a low sperm count

what is the primary cause of about 90% of all gastrointestinal tract illnesses

the primary cause of about 90% of all gastrointestinal tract illnesses is pathogens

name at least five common pathogens responsible for causing foodborne illness

five common pathogens are Salmonella, Norovirus, Campylobacter, Toxoplasma, and Listeria, in addition to E. coli O157:H7 and Clostridium perfringens

what is the difference between foodborne illness caused by "Infection" and "Intoxication"

infection occurs when an organism or pathogen grows in the body after being consumed, while intoxication occurs when a pathogen grows in the food and releases a toxin, which is then consumed

what is the most common type of contamination that leads to foodbrone illness

the most common type of contamination that leads to foodborne illness is usually a result of bacterial contamination of food

what are the four main categories of improper food handling

the four main categories are time-temperature abuse, cross-contamination, poor personal hygiene, and poor cleaning and sanitation

when discussing time-temperature abuse, what is the specific "Temperature Danger Zone"

the specific "Temperature Danger Zone" is 41°F to 135°F (5°C to 57°C), which is the range where food should not be allowed to stay for an extended period

how should raw milk, poultry, beef, and pork be treated at the market to prevent contamination

they should be treated as if contaminated, specifically by wrapping fresh meats in plastic bags at the market to prevent blood from dripping onto other foods

what actions should be taken immediately after using cutting boards and counters for raw food preparation

cutting boards and counters should be washed immediately after use to prevent ross-contamination with other foods, and separate boards should be used for fresh foods and meats

besides fully cooking food, what is one other essential precaution involving dairy products

s an essential precaution is to avoid consuming unpasteurized (raw) milk or cheese

when should hands be washed, and what specific step should be taken regarding water sources

hands should be washed before and after food preparation, and drinking untreated or unfiltered water, especially from surface sources, should be avoided