AP Human Geography Unit 7: Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Processes

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts related to industrial and economic development patterns as discussed in AP Human Geography.

Absolute advantage

The ability of a country to produce a good more efficiently than another country.

Agglomeration

The clustering of different industries in close proximity to each other.

Break-of-bulk points

Locations where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.

Commodity dependence

Economic condition where a country relies heavily on a single commodity for export.

Comparative advantage

The ability of a country to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another country.

Core countries

Countries that are economically developed and dominate global trade.

Cottage industry

Small-scale production of goods in home-based settings.

Deagglomeration

The process of industries dispersing from clustered locations.

Dependency theory

A theory that suggests poor countries are dependent on wealthy countries for economic growth.

Ecotourism

Sustainable travel to natural areas that conserves the environment.

Entrepot

A commercial center where goods are imported and stored for export.

Export processing zones

Areas where goods can be landed, handled, manufactured, and re-exported without the intervention of customs authorities.

Free trade

Trade between countries without tariffs or trade barriers.

Free-trade zones

Designated areas where trade laws differ from the rest of the country.

Gender inequality index

A measure of the disparity between men and women in various aspects.

Gender parity

Equal access to rights and resources regardless of gender.

Gross domestic product (GDP)

The total value of all goods and services produced within a country.

Gross national income (GNI)

The total income earned by a nation's residents and businesses.

Gross national product (GNP)

The total value of all goods and services produced by a country's residents, regardless of where the production occurs.

Growth poles

Areas that promote economic development and attract investments.

Human development index (HDI)

A composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators.

International division of labor

The allocation of different tasks and jobs to different countries in the global economy.

Just-in-time delivery

Inventory strategy that companies use to increase efficiency and decrease waste.

Labor-market participation

The percentage of the working-age population that is engaged in the labor market.

Microloans

Small loans typically provided to underprivileged borrowers for self-employment projects.

Multiplier effect

The idea that an initial financial investment can lead to increased income and jobs.

Neoliberal policies

Economic policies that promote free-market capitalism, deregulation, and reduction of government spending.

Offshoring

The relocation of business processes or services to another country.

Outsourcing

Obtaining goods or services from an outside or foreign supplier.

Periphery countries

Less developed countries that are often exploited by core countries.

Post-Fordist methods

Modern production techniques focused on flexibility and worker autonomy.

Semi periphery countries

Countries that are in-between core and periphery, often with emerging economies.

Special economic zones

Areas within a country that have different economic regulations than the rest of the country.

Tariffs

Taxes imposed on imported goods to raise their price and protect domestic industries.