BIO1 MODULE 7

What is biotechnology in DNA technology?

It is the manipulation of organisms or components to make useful things.

What is recombinant DNA techniques?

1. The gene of interest and plasmid is cut up by the same restriction enzymes which make sticky ends.

2. The cut DNA fragments are mixed and joined together by an enzyme called DNA ligase which makes a recombinant plasmid.

3. Then the recombinant plasmid is put into a host cell like E.coli.

4. Then the bacteria replicate which makes copies of recombinant plasmid and the inserted genes.

How does gene cloning work?

1. Isolate the gene by using restrictive enzymes.

2. Insert into a plasmid which has been cut up by the same restriction enzymes.

3. The recombinant plasmid is placed into bacteria for mass production.

What Is CRISPR?

CRISPR is the precise editing of DNA sequences, scientists can either remove, add, or alter the the DNA in living organisms.

What are GMO’s and how do they work?

GMOs are living organisms that have been altered in the lab to remove, add, or change specific traits.

Why do GMOs exist.

Creating insect resistant crops, nutritional value, and developing medicines like insulin.

Process of gene therapy

To fix a faulty gene or replace it with a healthier gene.

What are DNA profiles and how are PCR and gel electrophoresis used to create them?

DNA profiles are basically genetic identity. PCR amplifies DNA samples into millions of copies and gel electrophoresis separates the amplified DNA fragments.

How are STRs used to build and interpret DNA profiles?

Scientists analyze dozen short segments of repetitive DNA.

What is PCR

PCR is a segment of DNA that can be targeted to replicate lots of it.

Ingredients for PCR

1. DNA sample

2. Nucleotides

3. Primers

4. Taq polymerase

5. Buffer solution

How does gel electrophoresis separate macromolecules, such as DNA?

Running a current through the gel with the molecule then based on the size or charge the molecules will separate at different rates and different directions.

What is the field of genomics?

The study of an organisms entire genetic instruction.

Why has the field of bioinformatics grown?

Has grown because there is a lot of biological data than before and they need computers to handle it.

What is the human genome project and how has shot-gun sequencing been used?

Human genome project was to determine the order of nucleotides (A, T, C, G) in human DNA. Shot gun sequencing was used for this to break many copes of the genome into millions of small fragments.

3 Steps of PCR

Denaturation, annealing, extension