TAMU - Psychology of Women - PSYCH 300 - Test #1 Flashcards

Sex

Biological man or woman

Gender

the meanings that society and individuals give to female and male categories ( what we consider feminine and masculine)

Beta bias

Men and women are basically alike in their intellectual and social behaviors. Any differences that do occur are small and inconsistent, and produced by socialization, not biology/ Social Constructionist

Alpha bias

emphasizes the differences between women and men/Essentialist

Essentialism

differences that arise from essential qualities within the individual that are rooted in biology

"Women smile more than men" What would an essentialist say?

Biologically women are more nurturing, thus appear less threatening

"Women smile more than men" What would a social constructionist say?

Women have always been told they are prettier when they smile, thus they tend to smile more

"Men are more sexually active than women" what would an essentialist say?

Men are driven by their testosterone

"Men are more sexually active than women" what would a social constructionist say?

Women are considered sluts if they are too sexually active

What is feminism?

1.Value women as important worthwhile human beings

2.Recognize need for social change

Liberal Feminism

Passing laws that guarantee equal rights for women

Radical Feminism

Men control and dominate women throughout history

Cultural Feminism

There are essential differences between men and women that make women special

Socialist Feminism

attitude that gender equality is rooted in economic inequality

Women-of-color Feminism

Women of different cultures and social classes cannot presume to be the same

Patriarchy

Male control and dominance over women

What year did women and African Americans win the right to vote?(the first wave of feminism)

1920

What year was "Feminine Mystique," written by Betty Friedan, the most purchased non-fiction book?

1964

1800-1900 History of Women in Psychology

Universities did not accept women seeking advanced degrees

1894 History of Women in Psychology

Margaret Washburn was first woman to receive P.H.D. in Psychology in the U.S.

1893 History of Women in Psychology

2 of the of the APA's 14 new members were women

1905 History of Women in Psychology

Mary Calkins first female president of the APA

1912 History of Women in Psychology

Margaret Washburn second female president of APA

1930-1960 History of Women in Psychology

Women made up 1/3 of APA membership

1970's History of Women in Psychology

20% of PhDs were awarded to women

1998 History of Women in Psychology

Women made up 48% of APA membership

2005 History of Women in Psychology

72% of PhDs and PsyDs belong to women

Standpoint Theory

women and other groups see the world from their own subjective perspective, and that knowledge is NOT objective

Bias in Psych: Selecting the research topic may be influenced by:

* researchers personal interests

*researchers assumptions about gender characteristics

*researchers assumptions about race and other categories of social identity

Bias in Psych: Formulating the hypothesis may be influenced by:

*researchers orientation toward one theory or another

Bias in Psych: Designing the study may be influenced by:

*samples that do not represent the general population

*young, white, middle class, heterosexual, able-bodies males

*gender composition

Male as normative

male behaviors, roles, and experiences are the standard for society

Bias in Psych: Selecting a measure may be influenced by

misleading conclusion if bias

Bias in Psych: Analyzing and interpreting the findings may be influenced by

*Inappropriate generalization

*assumption that the presence of gender differences implies biological causes

Statistical Significance

the findings are not due to chance alone

Bias in Psych: Communicating the findings may be influenced by

gender biased language

Bias in Psych: Quantitative

* Emphasizes objectivity and control

*uses quantitative measurement

*compares participants responses to standard situations

Bias in Psych: Qualitative

*emphasizes subjective procedures

*focuses on women's accounts of their own experiences

*attempts to capture each participants unique perspective

Cross cultural research on gender: drawing meaningful conclusions

* requires language translation

*cultural differences may affect meaning and findings

*sampling

*proportion

Narrative approach

review and summarize many studies to form an impression of general trends on a particular topic

Meta-analysis

a statistical method of integrating the results of several studies on the same topic

effect size

indicates no only whether females or males score higher, but also how large the difference is

Intersectionality

people exist in a framework of multiple identities that interact with each other to determine an individual's experiences and that cannot be understood separately from each other because they are integral parts of a whole

Psychology MUST

examine the intersecting identities and experiences of women

If gender is socially constructed, it is shaped by

social, cultural, and societal values

Race

biological concept that refers to physical characteristics of people

Ethnicity

variations in cultural background, nationality, history, religion, and or language

Organizational power

the ability to use valuable resources to dominate and control others

(salary inequities, sexual harassment)

Interpersonal power

the ability to influence one's partner within a specific relationship

(rape, violence, allocation of household responsibilities)

Power-over

a person's or group's control of another person or group

Power-to

the empowerment of self and others to accomplish tasks

privilege

benefits, advantages, and power that accrue to members of a dominant group by virtue of their status in society

Hegemonic masculinity

male dominance that characterizes virtually all of society

social construction of gender

the traits, behaviors, and roles that people associate with females and males are not inherent in one's sex; they are shaped by numerous interpersonal, cultural, and societal forces

Gloria Steinem

American feminist icon, journalist, and social and political activist.

(Ms. Magazine)

Sheryl Sandberg

COO of Facebook, wrote "Lean In"

Alice Walker

The Color Purple

Margaret Sanger

1921 - founded American Birth Control League; which became Planned Parenthood in the 1940s. Advocated birth control awareness. (Also sought to perform eugenics through abortions and birth control)

Elizabeth Stanton and Susan B. Anthony

Founded the National Women's suffrage association.

(Women's right to vote)

1964 Civil Rights Movement protected:

race, religion, gender, nationality, color

1973 Roe vs. Wade

legalized 1st tri-mester abortion

Anita Hill

publicly accused Clarence Thomas of sexual harassment

Shannon Faulkner

first female candidate to enter the Citadel in 1995

Sarah Zorn

1st female regimental commander at the Citadel

gender stereotypes

widely held beliefs about attributes of males and females

Communion

the group of character/personality traits you associated with women

Communal Traits

gental

kind

pleasant

softhearted

sympathetic

warm

affectionate

Agency

the group of instrumental traits associated with men (reflects concern about accomplishing tasks)

Agency traits

ambitious

aggressive

rational

dominant

daring

adventurous

Dominants vs subordinates

those in power determine the philosophy, morality, and values of society

Majority vs. Minority

Those who differ from the "norm" are the deviation

self-hatred

internalization of a dominant group's belief

Passing

pressure to assimilate into dominant culture results in some "minorities" to try to pass as "majority"

social categorization

*helps simplify our social perceptions

*based on easily identifiable traits

social role theory

stereotypes of women and men stem from the association of women with the domestic role and men with the employee role

Bias

preconceived notion

prejudice

negative attitude or emotional reaction toward a particular group of people

Discrimination

unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice

Ageism

a bias against older people

Ethnicity Bias

Women are viewed differently according to their ethnicity

Social class Bias

Individuals of lower socioeconomic status are often characterized as lazy, stupid, uneducated, unattractive, and promiscuous

Sexual Orientation Bias

LGBT individuals experience widespread social stigmatization that either renders them invisible or they're viewed as sick, immoral, or evil

Ableness bias

People attribute more negative characteristics to women with disabilities than able-bodies women

Stereotypes of boys and girls:

*give gender traits to newborns even when there is medical evidence that there is no physical differences

* reflect the idea that boys have agency traits and girls have more communal traits

Bases of gender stereotypes: 2 related issues:

1.the reason people stereotype on the basis of gender

2. the reasons why theses stereotypes center on communal and agency traits

social organization

sorting individuals into categories (focusing on shared characteristics of the other members in that category)

Stereotypes based on identity labels

Dr. "Mrs" Bridges: implies that a woman's identity is shaped by her marital status

Anne Hopkins

Experienced sexism at Price Waterhouse when she was overlooked for an promotion because she was no "feminine enough"

Men can still be considered effective leaders even if they are

aggressive

blunt

confrontational

unlikable

Sexism is less distressing for women

with ash self-esteem and higher levels of feminine identity

82% of women

say there is still an issue with sexism today

Sexism (book's definition)

a stereotype and/or discriminatory behavior that serves to restrict women's role and maintain men's dominance

Sexism (Eden's definition)

bias against females or males

backlash effect

economic or social reprisal for violating the prescriptive gender stereotypes

modern sexism

characterized by the belief that gender discrimination is no longer a problem in society and is manifested by harmful treatment of women in ways that appear to be socially acceptable

Ambivolent Sexism

encompasses both hostile and benevolent sexism

Hostile sexism

feelings of hostility toward women reflected by negative assumptions about women

Benevolent sexism

the seemingly positive view that idealizes women as pure objects of men's adoration and protection

Benevolent sexism can lead to

self doubt and the decreased self-esteem of women

Benevolent and Hostile Sexism Top 3 countries

Cuba, South Africa, and Nigeria