BI 311 CH. 11 Study Guide (Marvin)

Mitochondrial (cellular) Respiration

- Occurs in mitochondria

- Uses O2 to produce ATP during oxidative phosphorylation

- Produces CO2 as a waste product

Organismal Respiration

The process of exchanging O2 and CO2 between the organism and environment

Functional Relationship (Mitochondrial vs. Organismal)

Organismal respiration supplies oxygen needed for mitochondrial respiration and removes carbon dioxide produced by it

How does water compare to air as a respiratory medium in terms of oxygen concentration?

Water has much lower oxygen concentration than air

How does oxygen diffusion compare between water and air?

Oxygen diffuses much slower in water than in air

How do water and air compare in density and viscosity?

Water is more dense and more viscous than air

What are two strategies aquatic animals use to overcome limitations of water respiration?

Large respiratory surfaces (gills) and active ventilation mechanisms that move water across the gills

What are the main respiratory strategies used by animals?

Cutaneous respiration, gills, tracheal systems, and lungs

Wha animals use multiple respiratory surfaces?

Amphibians (skin and lungs), some fish (gills and lungs), and some crustaceans

How do mollusks accomplish aquatic respiration?

Using gills called ctenidia located in the mantle cavity

How do crustaceans accomplish aquatic respiration?

Using gills located in branchial chambers

How do jawless fish ventilate their gills?

By muscular pumping through multiple gill pouches

How do elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) ventilate their gills?

Through buccal pumping or ram ventilation

How do teleost fish ventilate their gills?

Using buccal and opercular ventilation with an operculum covering the gills

What is buccal ventilation?

Pumping water across the gills using mouth movements

What is opercular ventilation?

A ventilation mechanism where mouth and operculum movements create pressure differences to move water over gills

What is ram ventilation?

A method where fish swim forward with mouths open, forcing water across the gills

Which animals use ram ventilation?

Fast-swimming fish like sharks and tuna

How do terrestrial crabs accomplish respiration?

Using modified gill chambers that retain moisture

How do isopods accomplish respiration?

Through pleopods used as gas exchange surfaces

How do. chelicerates (spiders and horseshoe crabs) respire?

Using book lungs or book gills

How do insects accomplish respiration?

Through a tracheal system with spiracles that deliver oxygen directly to tissues

How do air-breathing fish ventilate their lungs?

By gulping air and using simple lungs for gas exchange

How do amphibians ventilate their lungs?

Using buccal pumping

How do reptiles ventilate their lungs?

Using rib movements to expand and contract the lungs

What makes bird lungs unique?

The have rigid lungs and air sacs that allow unidirectional airflow

How do mammals ventilate their lungs?

Using diaphragm and rib movements to create tidal airflow

What is tidal volume?

The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing (~500 mL)

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

The additional air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation (~3000 mL)

What is the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

The additional air that can be exhaled after normal exhalation (~1100 mL)

What is residual volume (RV)?

The air remaining in the lungs after the maximal exhalation (~1200 mL)

What is vital capacity (VC)?

The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after maximal inhalation (~4600 mL)

What is total lung capacity (TLC)?

The total volume of air the lungs can hold (~5800 mL)

What are the three major respiratory pigments used by animals?

Hemoglobin, Hemocyanin, and Hemerythrin

What metal does hemoglobin contain?

Iron

Which animals commonly use hemoglobin?

Vertebrates and some invertebrates

What metal does hemocyanin contain?

Copper

Which animals use hemocyanin?

Arthropods and mollusks

What is hemerythrin?

An iron-containing respiratory pigment found in some marine invertebrates

What is an oxygen dissociation curve?

A graph showing the relationship between oxygen partial pressure and hemoglobin oxygen saturation

What happens to the oxygen dissociation curve when temperature increases?

It shifts right, promoting oxygen unloading

What happens to the oxygen dissociation curve when pH decreases?

It shifts right, reducing hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen

What effect does increased CO2 have on the oxygen dissociation curve?

It shifts the curve to the right

What do organic phosphates like 2,3-BPG do to hemoglobin?

Decrease oxygen affinity, promoting oxygen release

What is the Bohr effect?

Reduced hemoglobin oxygen affinity due to increased CO2 or decreased pH

What is the Root effect?

A strong Bohr effect where hemoglobin cannot fully saturate with oxygen, seen in fish

Why is the Root effect important in fish?

It helps supply oxygen to the swim bladder and retina

What organic phosphate is commonly used by mammals?

2,3-BPG

What organic phosphates are often used by fish and other vertebrates?

ATP or GTP

Why does fetal hemoglobin have higher oxygen affinity than maternal hemoglobin?

To allow oxygen transfer from mother to fetus

Why do high-altitude animals often have hemoglobin with higher oxygen affinity?

To improve oxygen loading in low-oxygen environments

How do hemoglobin and myoglobin differ in oxygen binding?

Hemoglobin shows cooperative binding (sigmoidal curve), while myoglobin has higher affinity and a hyperbolic curve

What is the main function of myoglobin?

Oxygen storage in muscle tissue

What are the three main forms of CO2 transport in blood?

Bicarbonate

Carbamino compounds

Dissolved CO2

What percentage of CO2 is transported as bicarbonate?

About 70%