DRRR | ETA Reviewer

Hazard

a potentially damaging event or thing that may lead to the loss of life, injury, property damage, social and economic disruption, etc.

Types of Hazards

• Natural

• Human-induced

Natural Hazards

• geological

• hydrometeorologicial

• biological

Geologic Hazards

• Earthquakes

• Volcanoes

Earthquakes

• ground shaking

• ground-rupture

• liquefaction

• earthquake induced ground subsidence

• landslides

• tsunamis

Volcanoes

• lahar

• ashfall

• pyroclastic flow

• ballistic flow

• gases

• lava flow

Hydrometeorological Hazards

• tropical cyclones

• thunderstorm

• flash floods

• river and coastal flooding

• storm surge

• el niño

• la niña

Biological Hazard

a biological substances that pose a threat to health like medical waste, microorganisms, viruses, toxins

Human-induced Hazards

• Arson/Fire

• Industrial and Technological Accidents

• Chemical

• Terrorism

• Wars

• Pollution

Disaster

synonymous with “risk”, a sudden calamitous event bringing great damage, loss, or destruction with unexpected timing

Elements of Disaster

• suddenness

• unexpectedness

• significant/adverse destruction

• lack of foresight/planning

Natural Disasters

this does not exist, but disasters usually follow natural hazards

Disaster Risk

the likelihood of the loss of life, injury, and destruction from a disaster in a period of time

Conditions for an event to be a disaster

• loss of life/injuries

• damages to/loss of property

• normal living is affected

• loss of income or economic opportunities

• environmental damage

Effects of Disaster

• displaced populations

• food scarcity

• emotional aftershocks

Displaced Populations After Disasters

due to the dangers of these disasters, people may be forced to seek shelter in other places or regions

Food Scarcity After Disasters

many go hungry due to destroyed crops, lost agricultural supplies, and rising prices, increasing the risk of malnutrition

Emotional Aftershocks After Disasters

due to the suddenness of the disaster, trauma for young children and PTSD may occur

Impacts of Disaster

• medical effects

• damage to critical facilities

• economic impact

• global environmental change

• social and political impact

Medical Effects of Disasters

injuries, emotional stress, epidemic diseases

Disruption of Transportation After Disaster

restricted vehicle mobility and impassable area

Economic Impact After Disaster

disrupted normal business operations and leaving of jobs to allow time for rehabilitation

Global Environmental Change After Disasters

evidence supports that human activity and disasters worsens global climate change

Social and Political Impact After Disasters

poor and developing countries are most affected by disasters

Levels of Disasters

1. Individual

2. Community (Local, National, Global)

Disaster Risk Reduction

• the systematic process of analyzing and reducing risk linked to natural and human-induced disasters

• mitigation measures are designed too minimize disaster-related losses

• tells us that the levels of mitigation capabilities and preparedness are related to level of its resources

• prevent or minimize the impact of disasters n lives, infrastructure, and the environment

• involves understanding the causes of disasters

Key Principles of DRR

1. Risk Assessment

2. Prevention and Mitigation

3. Preparedness

4. Resilience

5. Participation and Collaboration

6. Integrated Approach

7. Sustainable Development

Risk Assessment in DRR

DRR begins with a thorough assessments of risks, including hazards, vulnerabilities, and exposure.

Prevention and Mitigation in DRR

DRR focuses on preventing or mitigating the root causes of disasters

Preparedness in DRR

DRR emphasizes the importance of preparedness to respond effectively to disasters

Resilience in DRR

DRR aims to build this in communities and ecosystems as it enables entities to absorb shocks, adapt to changes, and recover quickly from disasters.

Participation and Collaboration in DRR

DRR recognizes the imporance of inolving all stakeholders in risk reduction efforts

Integrated Approach

DRR promotes an integrated approach that considers social, economic, environmental, and institutional aspects of risk.

Sustainable Development

DRR integrates risk reduction into development planning

Importance of DRR

• saving lives

• minimizing losses

• protecting infrastructure and assets

• ensuring sustainable development

• enhancing resilience

DRR before Disaster Risk

• building code revision and implementation

• hazard and vulnerability analysis

• zoning and land use management

• public awareness and education

• early warning system with forecasting and warning dissemination

Exposure

• the total value of elements at risk

• humans and their property

• ex: people, structures, infrastructures, economy, services, natural environment

• includes breadth and distance

• influenced by economic needs

Exposure and Disaster

exposure makes the disaster bigger

Exposure and Hazards

exposure can be affected by the duration of the disaster

Elements of Exposure

• physical

• economic

• environmental

• social

Physical Element of Exposure

people, property, and structures are exposed to hazards, located in urbanized areas

Economic Element of Exposure

jobs, livelihood, and sources of incomes are threatened by environmental destruction and damaged buildings and infrastructures

Environmental Element of Exposure

the environment can be affected by hazards, leading to loss of habitats and biodiversity

Social Element of Exposure

psychological well-being, social relationships, and social services (e.g. school and hospital operations) can be affected by the losses and damages sustained

Vulnerability

• the conditions determined by physical, social, economic, and environmental processes or factors that increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards

• amplifies the hazard to become a disaster, meaning a hazard causes a disaster because of this

Elements of Vulnerability

• physical

• political

• economic

• social

• environmental

Physical Element of Vulnerability

• population density level

• age of population

• distribution of population

• remoteness of settlement

• site design

• infrastructure materials

Political Element of Vulnerability

• denial of access to quality education

• employment opportunities

• availability and access to resources

• access to infrastructure

• materials for infrastructure, basic services, and information

Economic Element of Vulnerability

• poverty

• lack of access to land and basic services

• economic status

• business interruption

• job loss

Social Element of Vulnerability

• social well-being

• levels of education

• literacy and training

• cultural beliefs

• traditional values

• morality

• inability of the elderly and disabled

• lack of resilience

• organization/system of good governance

• access to human rights

Environment Element of Vulnerability

• natural resource depletion

• resource degradation

• loss of habitats

Formula for Risk

Hazard x Vulnerability = Risk (while accounting for exposure and social factors)

Factors of Exposure

• severity/magnitude

• intensity/duration

• frequency

• historical and future trends

• impacts

• early warnings

Formula for Disaster

Hazard + Vulnerability = Disaster

The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHILVOCS)

It is dedicated to providing information on earthquakes, tsunamis. volcanic activity, alongside other specialized information and services towards protecting life and property and supporting economic, productive, and sustainable development. It has stations nationwide to monitor seismic activity

Earthquakes

shaking of earth caused by waves on and below the earth;s surface causing surface shaking, aftershocks, tsunamis, tremors, vibrations, liquefaction, and landslides

Epicenter

point on earth’s surface above the focus

Focus

the origin of the earthquake, usually deep within the earth on a fault

Magnitude

the measure of energy released by an earthquake, only one per earthquake

Intensity

measure of strength produced by the earthquake on a certain location, it is dependent on its effects on the people and surroundings, the distance from the epicenter, and soil type, can vary in different places

Luzon 1990 Earthquake Statistics

• July 16, 1990

• 7.8 Magnitude

• Epicenter was near Rizal, Nueva Ecija

• 1283 Dead

• 2786 Injured

• 321 Missing

• P15.2 B worth of damages

Bohol 2013 Earthquake Statistics

• October 15, 2013

• 7.2 Magnitude

• Epicenter was near Sagbayan

• 156 Dead

• 374 Injured

• 22 Missing

• P2.5 B worth of damages

Surigao 2017 Earthquake Statistics

• February 10, 2017

• 6.7 Magnitude

• Epicenter was near Surigao City

• 300 houses damaged

• 7 bridges collapsed

• P665 M worth of damages

Ground Shaking

the primary cause of earthquake damage to man-made structures, when the ground shakes strongly, buildings can be damaged or destroyed, and their occupants may be injured or killed

Damage of Ground Shaking

The damage depends on topography, geologic conditions, bedrock. location of fault, distance to epicenter

Measuring of Ground Shaking

It is determined by logarithm of the amplitude of waves recorded by a seismograph

Impact of Ground Shaking

damaged structures and infrastructures, injuries, and loss of lives

Reducing Vulnerability to Ground Shaking

• understand how damage from strong shaking occurs

• evaluating and improving earthquake-resistant design strategies and also methods for predicting the seismic performance of structures

Ground Subsidence

lowering of the land surface that is rapidly occurring by a sinkhole, underground mine collapse, or a major earthquake

Impact of Ground Subsidence

• cracked infrastructure

• changes in elevation and gradient of channels

• broken pipes and utility lines

• disrupted damage

• injury

• death

Measuring of Ground Subsidence

• elevation changes

• interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR)

• continuous GPS (CGPS) measurements

• campaign global positioning system (GPS) surveying

Reducing Vulnerability to Ground Subsidence

• public information programs

• maps

• land-use management

Landslide

a general term covering a wide variety of landforms and processes involving the movement of earth, rock, or debris downslope under the influence of gravity

Impact of Landslides

• damage to properties

• disruption transportation (road blockage)

• loss of agricultural sources

• death

Measuring of Landslides

measured with the movements of landmass through monitoring with GPS

Reducing Vulnerability to Landslide

• identify landslide-probe areas

• engineering solutions

• vegetation and landscaping

• water management

• regulation and zoning

Liquefaction

during strong ground shaking, water-saturated soil deposits of fine sand loose their strength and acts like a fluid or “quicksand”, causing the sinking and/or tilting of buildings and structures and the formation of sand boils, most prone are locations near water

Measuring Liquefaction

there is no direct method to to determine the liquefaction potential of a particular location

Reducing Vulnerability to Liquefaction

• ground improvement engineering

• select locations where soil is not predominantly sand

Tsunami

Japanese for “harbor wave,” it originates from undersea/coastal seismic activity, landslides, and volcanic eruptions, and results to sea water being displaced with a violent motion and swells up ultimately surging over land with great destructive power

Signs of Tsunami

• strong ground shaking from an earthquake

• unusual seal-level fluctuations

• abnormally huge wave

• loud ocean roar

Emergency Response to Tsunami

• go to taller places

• perform drop, cover, and hold

Measuring Tsunamis

using a tsunami buoys, they collect data about water level changes through underwater pressure gauges, allowing scientists to predict the wave’s height and when they hit the shore

Causes of Damage from Tsunamis

• high velocity impact of incoming waves

• inland distance of wave run up

• vertical height of wave run up

• inadequate resistance of buildings

• flooding inadequate

Impacts of Tsunamis

• damage to properties

• damage to infrastructures

• death by drowning

Reducing Vulnerability to Tsunamis

• land use management

• planting and environmental preservation

• structural designs

• hazard awareness

• tsunami warning

Faulting/Ground Rupture

the movement along the side of the fault relative to the other due to an earthquake

Damage of Faulting/Ground Rupture

it is measured in distance/area, which increases with magnitude

Impact of Faulting/Ground Rupture

damage to existing structures & infrastructures, broken pipes & utility lines, injuries & death

Reducing Vulnerability to Ground Rupture

• select location far from a fault line

• providing zones where structures may be built

• proper structural and geotechnical engineering designs

Local Risk Reduction Strategies for Earthquake Hazards

• be aware of earthquake risk

• live in houses safe from seismic waves

• sources of open flame and appliances must be made stable and safe

• earthquake and disaster drill

• first aid training groups

General Risk Reduction Strategies for Earthquake Hazards**

• check building codes and attain higher standards of construction quality

• location planning to reduce urban density in areas that amplify ground vibrations

Household Risk Reduction Strategies for Earthquake Hazards

• prepare at least 15 liters of water and food good for at least 72 hours

• prepare a go bag with an emergency kit, important documents, flashlight, portable radio, and clothes

• prepare an evacuation plan, including where to meet and emergency contact numbers

• learn first aid training and how to use fire extinguishers]

• assess house’s structural integrity

Barangay Risk Reduction Strategies for Earthquake Hazards**

• have an alternative water source such as the static water tank

• identify food establishments and pre-position ready-to-eat meals

• retrofit structures, and identify condemned buildings

• identify fuel demands in critical structures

• train at least one person per house hold on first aid

• ensure radio is connected to city or municipality

• update records of residents

Seismology

study of earthquakes and seismic waves that move through and around Earth

Seismic Waves

vibration generated by a sudden impulse in the earth

Seismograph

a complex system/device that records ground movement

Seismometer

the main part of a seismograph that records the motion caused by seismic waves

Types of Waves**

body and surface waves

Body Waves

they travel through interior of the earth, includes primary and secondary waves