APUSH Chapter 20 + 21 Test Study Guide

Manassas Junction

Site of the first major battle of the war, called "Bull Run" by the North, "First Manassas" by the South; Confederate victory.

George McClellan

A general for northern command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861; nicknamed "Tardy George" because of his failure to move troops to Richmond; lost battle vs. General Lee near the Chesapeake Bay; Lincoln fired him twice.

Army of the Potomac

It was the major Union army in the eastern front. It fought many battles and ultimately won the war.

Peninsula Campaign

Union General George B. McClellan's failed effort to seize Richmond, the Confederate Capital. Had McClellan taken Richmond and toppled the Confederacy, slavery would have most likely survived in the South for some time.

Jeb Stuart

Confederate soldier known for his BOLD raids of seeking out information about enemy positions. Fought at the Battle of Bull Run or Manassas, Fredericksburg, and commanded the army at Chancellorsville

Monitor

Union ironclad ship

Merrimack

Abandoned Union warship salvaged by the Confederacy. Enforced with iron plates to become an ironclad ship. Renamed "Virginia"

Blockade

The use of troops or ships to prevent commercial traffic from entering or leaving a city or region

Second Bull Run

Conflict between Lee and General John Pope in August 1862, ending in a decisive victory by Lee that led to increased confidence and an attempt to convince Maryland to secede.

John Pope

Union general with brief but successful career in the Western Theater, but he is best known for his defeat at the Second Battle of Bull Run in the East.

Antietam

A battle near a sluggish little creek, it proved to be the bloodiest single day battle in American History with over 26,000 lives lost in that single day.

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free.

Thirteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.

"Abolition War"

Public reactions to Emancipation Proclamation varied, opposition mounted in the North against supporting an _________ ___

Robert G. Shaw

Was the leader of the Massachussets 54th Infantry, the first black regiment, that led the assault on Fort Wagner in South Carolina.

Ambrose Burnside

General who replaced McClellan. He resigned his command voluntarily after his failure at the battle of Fredericksburg

Fredericksburg

A battle in which the Union tried to dislodge Confederates from their bunkers. This failed miserably and the Union lost two times as many men as the Confederates

Chancellorsville

A major battle in the American Civil War (1863), the Confederates under Robert E. Lee defeated the Union forces under Joseph Hooker. General Jackson was killed by friendly fire.

Joseph Hooker

United States general in the Union Army who was defeated at Chancellorsville by Robert E. Lee

George C. Meade

Lee's second northern campaign came in the summer of 1863 in Pennsylvania. This general defeated him in a decisive battle in July of that year.

George Pickett

U.S. Army officer who became a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He is best remembered for his participation in the futile and bloody assault at the Battle of Gettysburg that bears his name, Pickett's Charge.

Pickett's Charge

A failed confederate attack during the Civil War led by general George Pickett at the Battle of Gettysburg.

Gettysburg Address

A 3-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1963) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg

Forts Henry and Donelson

Tennessee, Ulysses S. Grant was the Union general. Grant brought troops and gun boats along the TN river towards the fort, protecting TN and Cumberland rivers. Gunboats hit these forts first & gave up. Union won.

Shiloh

This was battle fought by Grant in an attempt to capture the railroad of the South. The battle was fought in the west prevented the north from obtaining an easy victory. However, the Confederates strong resistance showed that they would not go quietly and the war was far from over.

David G. Farragut

Admiral of the Union Navy during the Civil War. Led the daring attack on New Orleans that led to the Union's control of the Mississippi River.

Vicksburg

Grant besieged the city from May 18 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union.

Chattanooga

Grant and the Union army show up in a defensive position, Union wins and TN is controlled by the Union, Grant gets put into control of all Union armies, Sherman takes over Union army in GA

William T. Sherman

General whose march to sea caused destruction to the south, union general, led march to destroy all supplies and resources, beginning of total warfare

Sherman's March to the Sea

During the civil war, a devastating total war military campaign, led by union general William Tecumseh Sherman, that involved marching 60,000 union troops through Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah and destroying everything along there way.

C.C. on the C. of the W.

Copperheads

A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War

Clement Vallandigham

Notorious Copperhead, convicted of treason, who ran for governor of Ohio while exiled to Canada

The Man Without A Country

Edward Everett Hale's fictional account of a treasonous soldier's journeys in exile. The book was widely read in the North, inspiring greater devotion to the Union.

Salmon Chase

An American politician and jurist in the Civil War era who served as U.S. Senator from Ohio and Governor of Ohio; as U.S. Treasury Secretary under President Abraham Lincoln; and as Chief Justice of the United States.

Wilderness Campaign

A series of brutal clashes between Ulysses S. Grant's and Robert E. Lee's armies in Virginia, leading up to Grant's capture of Richmond in April of 1865. Having lost Richmond, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse.

Battle of Cold Harbor

The final battle of Union Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's 1864 Overland Campaign, fought on May 22, 1864, during the American Civil War, is remembered as one of American history's bloodiest, most lopsided battles.. It was also one of Grant's biggest mistakes.

Appomattox Courthouse

The Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War.

Ford's Theater

Washington site where Lincoln was assassinated by Booth on April 14, 1865

John Wilkes Booth

was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Fort Sumter

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

Border States

States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede.

West Virginia

Mountainous region that broke away from Virginia in 1861 to form its own state after Virginia seceded from the Union. Most of the residents of this state were independent farmers and miners who did not own slaves and thus opposed the Confederate cause.

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

Thomas Stonewall Jackson

Confederate general whose men stopped Union assault during the Battle of Bull Run

“Yeeahhh!”

a confederate chant

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Trent Affair

In 1861 the Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition. A Union ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisoners. The British were angry and Lincoln ordered their release

Alabama

British-built and manned Confederate warship that raided Union shipping during the Civil War. One of many built by the British for the Confederacy, despite Union protests.

Laird rams

Two confederate warships being constructed in British shipyards, they were eventually seized by the British for British use to remain neutral in the Civil War.

Dominion of Canada

Unified Canadian government created by Britain to bolster Canadians against potential attacks or overtures from the United States.

Jefferson Davis

An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865

Writ of habeas corpus

A court order requiring jailers to explain to a judge why they are holding a prisoner in custody.

The Draft

A law requiring people of a certain age to serve in the military

New York draft riots

Uprising, mostly of working-class Irish-Americans, in protest of the draft. Rioters were particularly incensed by the ability of the rich to hire substitutes or purchase exemptions.

Morrill Tariff Act

Increased duties back up to 1846 levels to raise revenue for the Civil War.

Greenbacks

Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war

National Banking System

Network of member banks that could issue currency against purchased government bonds. Created during the Civil War to establish a stable national currency and stimulate the sale of war bonds.

Runaway inflation

as revenue began to dry up, the Confederate government was forced to print blue-backed paper money with complete abandon causing hyperinflation. Led to prices rising rapidly, every few hours.

Homestead Act

1862 law that gave 160 acres of land to citizens willing to live on and cultivate it for five years

‘Government girls’

women who worked in the Treasury and War Departments as well as the post office during the war to fill the positions left by men in the North

U.S. Sanitary Commission

Founded with the help of Elizabeth Blackwell, this organization developed to provide medical supplies and assistance to Union armies in the field

Clara Barton

Nurse during the Civil War; founder of the American Red Cross

Dorothea Dix

was an American activist who played a crucial role in the mental health reform movement in the United States during the 19th century, advocating for the humane treatment of the mentally ill and establishing mental health institutions.

Elizabeth Blackwell

was the first woman to receive a medical degree in the United States. She graduated from Geneva Medical College in 1849 and became a pioneer for women in medicine, advocating for women's rights and medical education.

Sally Tompkins

a notable figure during the American Civil War, known for her work as a nurse and for operating a hospital in Richmond, Virginia, where she provided care for wounded Confederate soldiers.

Charles Francis Adams

An American politician and diplomat, serving as the U.S. ambassador to Great Britain during the Civil War, where he played a crucial role in maintaining British neutrality.

Napoleon III

was the Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870 and a key figure in French and European politics, known for his modernization efforts and support of Maximilian in Mexico. His rule ended with the Franco-Prussian War.

Maxmillion

an Austrian Archduke who became Emperor of Mexico from 1864 until 1867. He ruled during a period of significant political turmoil in Mexico and was supported by Napoleon III of France. His reign ended when he was defeated by Republican forces led by Benito Juárez, and he was executed in 1867.