History U2 Important People

Clemens von Metternich

Austrian foreign minister and statesman

Conservative

Opposed to liberalism, radicalism, nationalism, and Mazzini

Wanted to maintain divided Italy

Valued local state loyalty over national unity

Giuseppe Mazzini

“The most dangerous man in Europe”

Nationalist, liberal

Carbonari, Young Italy

unity from the “bottom up”

unity from within (not influenced by other nations)

equality, domination of world by nations, opposed to xenophobia

believed in Italian unitarian republic and not a confederation

Pope Pius IX

appeared liberal, turned out to be reactionary

actions caused delays in Italy unification

caused the nationalist movement to become anti-clerical

Vincenzo Gioberti

theocracy (Italy is united by catholic faith)

wanted to Pope Pius IX to lead an Italian confederation

Charles Albert

King of Piedmont

revolutionary

declared war on Austria (1848)

Cesare Balbo

Wanted confederation of Northern Italian states led by King of Piedmont, Charles Albert

believed greatest barrier to Italian unification was Austria

wanted to take advantage of weakness of Ottoman Empire and direct Austrian foreign policy toward to Balkans so they would relinquish control of Italy, allowing for unification

Carlo Cattaneo

Italian republican federation (not ruled by king or pope)

believed unitary government would be impractical due to differences between states

Imagined federation as a “United States of Europe” (wanted peace between European nations)

Fredrick William IV

King of Prussia

Frankfurt parliament wanted to make him Emperor of a united Germany

refused to accept “a crown from the gutter”

Heinrich von Gargern

Weak leader of Frankfurt Parliament