ionic Bonding and Covalent bonding

Definition of ionic bonding

Ionic Bonding is the electrostatic force of attraction between the oppositely charged ions (positive and negative ions)

What are positive and negative ions called?

positive ions:- Cations

negative ions:- Anions

What is a lattice?

• A lattice is a regular array of particles and each lattice is held together by the electrostatic force of attraction between the oppositely charged ions. The higher the charge of the lattice the stronger. (e.g., MgO has higher melting point than NaCl).

properties of a lattice:-

• High melting and boiling points

• Brittle

• Conduct electricity (when melted or dissolved in water)

• Soluble

Complicated Compounds:-

OH(-), NH4(+), NO3(-), CO3(2-), HCO3(-), PO4(3-), SO4(2-)

What do ionic bonds happen between?

Ionic bonds happen between metals and non-metals.

Electrons move form the METAL to the NON-METAL.

Definiton of covalent bond:-

A chemical bond where two or more atoms share one or more pairs of electrons to achieve a more stable electro configuration.

What do covalent bonds generally occur between?

Two non-metals

What are simple molecular structures?

• Contain Intermolecular forces that are weaker than the covalent bonds

• These substances tend to be solids with low melting and boiling points as not a lot of thermal energy is needed to break these weak intermolecular forces of attraction

• Intermolecular forces of attraction increase as the relative molecular mass increases

• Example - H2O, CO2,CH4​, NH3N, C2H4C2​

What are some examples of complex molecular strustures?

• Polymers (long-chains made up of monomers)

• Diamond

• Graphite

• Fullerene

What are Allotropes?

Different forms of the same element