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Types of systematic errors?
Instrumental, Operational, Environmental, and Theoretical
What does every experiment/investigation start with?
A question, wonder, or an observation
Hypothesis
An informed prediction based on backed up research
Variables
Independent, Dependent, and Control
Independent variable
Variables that are changed
Dependent Variable
The Variable measured
Controlled variable
The variable controlled, staying the same
Why do we need the Scientific Method?
To ensure our results are reliable and robust
Integrity (Ethics)
Total honesty, and truthfulness within experiments and results
Justified (Ethics)
Equal access to information and benefits and individuals are all treated fairly
Beneficial (Ethics)
The research has a positive impact
Non-maleficence
Research is not intended to harm any participants or society
How can simulations and models be used in investigations?
To help predict events, or convey science results without using a live study
Opinion
Personal views or judgements about something
'Valid'
Sound or true experiment that can be supported by other scientific investigations
'Risk Assessment."
A procedure that identifies the potential hazards of an experiment and gives protective measures to minimise the risk
‘Theory'
A well-supported explanation of a phenomenon based on facts that have been obtained through investigations, research and observations
Aim
The outline of the purpose or the key objective of the investigation.
Precision
Refers to how close multiple measurements of the same investigation are to each other.
Accuracy?
Refers to how close an experimental measurement is to a known value.
Reliability
Similar results can be achieved when replicating the method
Validity
The experiment measures what it is supposed to be measuring
Instrumental Error
when a flawed instrument provides inaccurate readings
Operational Error
When a person reads equipment standing in the wrong spot so consistently misreads results
Environmental Error
When problems in lab surroundings lead to inaccuracies (i.e. ambient humidity, temperature, light)
Theoretical Error
a flaw in equations or procedures
Random error
An error that constantly fluctuates and it is unsure to tell what causes it
Random Observational Error
reading something slightly different each time
Random Environmental Error
unpredictable changes in laboratory
'Bias'
Favouring one thing over another
"Double-Blind"
both the scientist and the participants are blinded to the variables in the experiment
Meniscus
the curved surface of a liquid
Correlation
something generally seen happening together
'Reproduceable'
to repeat something and attain the same results
Qualitative Data
Data that is collected as a characteristic
Quantative Data
Data collected as numbers
IV and DV on the axis?
IV: x-axis DV: y-axis
Graph best used to collect Quantative data over a period of time
Line Graph
Column Graph vs Histogram
Histogram has spaces, column graph is pointed upwards
Ordinal Data
Qualatative data that is ordered or categorical
Nominal Data?
Qualitative Data used to name and label variables
Continuous Data
Quantitative Data that can be Measured
Discrete Data
Quantitative Data without any decimal places, whole numbers
Repitition
multiple additions to an experiment to reduce the result of a random chance
To replicate an experiment
done the same experiment again to increase amount of results, test accuracy and reliability
Marie Curie?
Discovered radioactivity in December 1898
Alexander Fleming?
Discovered Penicillin (via a teardrop) in 1928
Isaac Newton?
Discovered Gravity in 1665 or 1666