Jazz Exam 3

“moldy figs”

Derogatory terms for those who have gone “backwards” in jazz

Lennie Tristano influence on cool school

Taught students in Chicago; Bach, Armstrong, Eldridge, Parker, etc.

Lennie Tristano musical style

• Dissonance and over-the-bar phrasing

• Atonality and free-form group improvisation

Lennie Tristano instrument

Piano

Claude Thornhill orchestra members

Gill Evans, Lee, Konitz, Gerry Mulligan

Claude Thornhill influence on the cool school

• Impressionistic harmony

• Gil Evans in his band

• His band’s style

• Variety of styles, brought in more insturments

Gil Evans

Main arranger in Claude Thornhill orchestra

Lee Konitz

Important member on sax Claude Thornhill orchestra

Gerry Mulligan

Important arranger and bari sax Claude Thornhill orchestra

Characteristics of cool

• Subdued rhythms, soft articulations, muted accents

• Lyrical melodies

• Mellow-sounding instrumentation

  • Muter tots and tbns, French Horns, flugelhorns, and tuba

• Soft dynamics

• Greater emphasis on arrangement

• Exploratory musical forms and structures

• Contrapuntal textures

• Classically-inspired tone and articulation

Birth of cool recording/release

• Recording info: Recorded in 1949-1950 - not received well

  • Rereleased in 1957 - received very well!

Birth of the cool main artist

Miles Davis

Birth of the cool instrumentation

Nonet (9): Trumpet, trombone, french horn, tuba, alto sax, piano, bass, drums

“Boplicity” arranger

Gil Evans

“Boplicity” style

Cool jazz

“Boplicity” main sax

Gerry Mulligan

“Boplicity” trumpet soloist

Miles Davis

Geographical home for Cool Jazz

East Coast

Gerry Mulligan instrument

Bari sax

Gerry Mulligan what is unique about his quartet

Piano-less

Chet Baker instrument

Trumpet

Chet Baker style

Singable improvisations, popular as singer and trumpeter

Dave Brubeck classical influence

Darius Milhaud and Arnold Schoenberg

Dave Brubeck members of his classic quartet

• Desmond (alto)

• Eugene Write (bass)

• Joe Morello (drums)

Paul Desmond instrument

Alto sax

Paul Desmond main group

Dave Brubeck’s Classic Quartet

Paul Desmond style

“Dry martini”

“Take Five” group

Dave Brubeck’s Classic Quartet

“Take Five” style

ABA form, Third Stream

“Take Five” time signature

5/4

Third Stream what is it?

Mixing of classical and jazz music

Third Stream who coined it?

Gunther Schuller

Modern Jazz Quartet members

John Lewis, Milt Jackson, Kenny Clarke, Percy Heath

John Lewis

• Piano

• More sparsely and delicately, brought an academic flavor

Milt Jackson

• Vibes

• Plays extrovertly, bluesy, less notes, breathe more

Kenny Clarke

• Drums

• Replaces by Konny K

Percy Heath

• Bass

Modern Jazz Quartet approach

Trying to get rid of the drug jazz musician idea. Showed up on time, in suits, reverent in their playing

Modern Jazz Quartet style

Third stream

“Concorde” group

Modern Jazz Quartet

“Concorde” form

Jazz Fugue

Hard Bop main influences

Gospel music and blues

Hard Bop geographic location

East coast

Characteristics of Hard Bop

• Aggressive expression

• Hard-swinging rhythmic sense

• Increased interaction between soloists and comping instruments

• Bluesy expressiveness

• Gospel-related chord progressions and stylistic gestures

• Catchier, more accessible heads than Bebop

• Greater focus on arrangements

• Bebop instrumentation, sometimes adding a third horn

What is “Walkin”?

• Miles Davis’ “return of the hot”

• Considered the first Hard Bop record

Clifford Brown mentor

Fats Navarro

Clifford Brown instrument

Trumpet

Clifford Brown Style

Virtuosic playing with precise execution and warm tone; tongued every note

Horace Silver style

• Funky, gospel, blues soaked style of jazz

• Music from Cape Verde, where his parents were from

Horace Silver partnership

Art Blakey

Art Blakey religious influence

Islam (from his trip to West Africa)

Art Blakey formed what with Horace Silver

Jazz Messengers

“Moanin” style

Hard Bop

“Moanin” techniques

• AABA form

• Hard swinging

• Very bluesy

• Call and response

• Double tonguing 

• High intensity

“Moanin” group

The Jazz Messengers

Jazz Messengers long-standing significance

• Basically a conservatory for up and coming musicians

• He liked always having young, fresh talent

Sonny Rollins instrument

Saxophone

Sonny Rollins solo style

Motivic improvisation — developing a motive or group of motives into a larger statement

Charles Mingus instrument

Jazz bass

Charles Mingus elements he draws from

• Somewhere between free and mainstream

• Elements of: Ellington, Bird, cool jazz, free jazz, classical composers

Charles Mingus used music for…?

Protest

“Boogie Stop Shuffle” composer

Charles Mingus

“Boogie Stop Shuffle” effects

• Minor blues

• Boogie-woogie bass line

• Wah-wah effects

• Bebop melody

Soul Jazz blended elements

Blend of Hard Bop, blues, gospel, and soul

Soul Jazz defining instrument

B-3 Organ

Jimmy Smith instrument

Hammond B3 organ

Jimmy Smith significance

Established Hammond B3 organ as a legitimate jazz instrument

Cannonball Adderley success

Soul jazz success

Cannonball Adderley style

Bird-like style

Cannonball Adderley instrument

Alto saxophone

Lee Morgan main influence

“Quintessential hardbopper”

West Montgomery instrument

Guitar

West Montgomery style

Simple, compelling melody lines, often doubled in octaves

West Montgomery types of records

Soul jazz and pop-inspired records

Stan Getz instrument

Tenor saxophone

Stan Getz style

• Leading tenor in the “cool” ethos

• Started Bossa Nova style

Stan Getz collaboration

Jobim

Antonio Carlos Jobim compositional style

Impressionist harmonies, distinctive melodies, bittersweet lyrics

Antonio Carlos Jobim importance

• One of the greatest composers of all time

• Composed for Stan Getz, helps get Bossa Nova popular

“Girl From Ipanema” composer

Antonio Carlos Jobim

“Girl From Ipanema” performers

Singers:

• Joao and Astrud Giberto

Saxophone:

• Stan Getz

“Girl From Ipanema” style

AABA song form, Bossa Nova

“Girl From Ipanema” sax solo technique

• Melodic paraphrase (biggest example of it)

  • Doesn’t make up new stuff that doesn’t match

• Like a singer

Miles Davis style

Sparser style where tone, timbre, and silence take on importance; Harmon mute

Miles Davis 1955 Newport Jazz Festival

Where Davis first showed his new style

Miles Davis first Quintet/Sextet members

Miles Davis (tpt), Red Garland (pno), Paul Chambers (bass), Philly Joe Jones (drums), and Sonny Rollins/John Gilmore/ John Coltrane (tenor)

Gil Evans arranging style

Third stream, 19-piece ensemble

“The Pan Piper” arranger

Gil Evans

“The Pan Piper” performer

Miles Davis

“The Pan Piper” stylistic influence

• Trumpet w/ harmon mute

• Flute choir intro, then woodwinds

• Whole tone and phrygian scales

• Flamenco influence

Bill Evans style

• “Quiet fire”

• Close voicngs based on higher intervals

• Smooth legato attack, floating over time

“Kind of Blue” album style

Modal

“So What” style

Modal jazz

“So What” soloists

• Miles Davis (cool)

• John Coltrane (hot)

• Cannonball Adderley (hot)

• Bill Evans (cool)

Bill Evans Trio other members

• Scott LaFaro (bass)

• Paul Motian (drums)

Scott LaFaro

• Bass

• Freer time and countermelodies

Paul Motian

• Drums

• Rhythmic drive and texture

John Coltrane main influences

Johnny Hodges and Charlie Parker

John Coltrane apprenticed with

Miles Davis and Thelonious Monk

John Coltrane significance of his spiritual awakening

• Charlie Parker coming in a dream, telling him to switch to tenor sax

• Encounter with God, asked to be given the means to touch others with music

  • Stopped substance abuse after that